The translator to the reader (of 1684)
THE present Volume, both for its Curiosity and Ingenuity, I dare recommend unto the perusal of our English nation, whose glorious actions it containeth. What relateth unto the curiosity hereof, this Piece, both of Natural and Humane History, was no sooner published in the Dutch Original, than it was snatch't up for the most curious Library's of Holland; it was Translated into Spanish (two impressions thereof being sent into Spain in one year); it was taken notice of by the learned Academy of Paris; and finally recommended as worthy our esteem, by the ingenious Author of the Weekly Memorials for the Ingenious, printed here at London about two years ago. Neither all this undeservedly, seeing it enlargeth our acquaintance of Natural History, so much prized and enquir'd for, by the Learned of this present Age, with several observations not easily to be found in other accounts already received from America: and besides, it informeth us (with huge novelty) of as great and bold attempts, in point of Military conduct and valour, as ever were performed by mankind; without excepting, here, either Alexander the Great, or Julius Cæsar, or the rest of the Nine Worthy's of Fame. Of all which actions, as we cannot confess ourselves to have been ignorant hitherto (the very name of Bucaniers being, as yet, known but unto few of the Ingenious; as their Lives, Laws, and Conversation, are in a manner unto none) so can they not choose but be admired, out of this ingenuous Author, by whosoever is curious to learn the various revolutions of humane affairs. But, more especially by our English Nation; as unto whom these things more narrowly do appertain. We having here more than half the Book filled with the unparallel'd, if not inimitable, adventures and Heroick exploits of our own Country-men, and Relations; whose undaunted, and exemplary courage, when called upon by our King and Country, we ought to emulate.
From whence it hath proceeded, that nothing of this kind was ever, as yet, published in England, I cannot easily determine; except, as some will say, from some secret Ragion di Stato. Let the reason be as t'will; this is certain, so much the more we are obliged unto this present Author, who though a stranger unto our Nation, yet with that Candour and Fidelity hath recorded our Actions, as to render the Metal of our true English Valour to be the more believed and feared abroad, than if these things had been divulged by our selves at home. From hence peradventure will other Nations learn, that the English people are of their Genius more inclinable to act than to write; seeing as well they as we have lived unacquainted with these actions of our Nation, until such time as a Foreign Author to our Country came to tell them.
Besides the merits of this Piece for its curiosity, another point of no less esteem, is the truth and sincerity wherewith everything seemeth to be penned. No greater ornament or dignity can be added unto History, either humane or natural, than truth. All other embellishments, if this be failing, are of little or no esteem; if this be delivered, are either needless or superfluous. What concerneth this requisite in our Author, his lines do everywhere declare the faithfulness and sincerity of his mind. He writeth not by hearsay, but was an eye witness, as he somewhere telleth you, unto all and every one of the bold and hazardous attempts which he relateth. And these he delivereth with such candour of stile, such ingenuity of mind, such plainness of words, such conciseness of periods, so much divested of Rhetorical Hyperboles, or the least flourishes of Eloquence, so hugely void of Passion or national Reflections, as that he strongly perswadeth all-along to the credit of what he saith; yea, raiseth the mind of the Reader to believe these things far greater than what he hath said; and having read him, leaveth onely this scruple or concern behind, that you can read him no longer. In a word, such are his deserts, that some persons peradventure would not stickle to compare him to the Father of Historians, Philip de Comines; at least thus much may be said, with all truth imaginable, that he resembleth that great Author in many of his excellent qualities.
I know some persons have objected against the greatness of these prodigious Adventures, intimating that the resistance our Bucaniers found in America, was everywhere but small. For the Spaniards, say they, in the West Indies, are become of late years nothing less, but rather much more degenerate than in Europe. The continual Peace they have enjoyed in those parts, the defect of Military Discipline, and European souldiers for their Commanders, much contributing hereunto. But more especially, and above all other reasons, the very luxury of the Soil and Riches, the extreme heat of those Countries, and influence of the Stars being such, as totally inclineth their bodies unto an infinite effeminacy and cowardize of minds.
Unto these Reasons I shall only answer in brief. This History will convince them to be manifestly false. For as to the continual Peace here alleadged, we know that no Peace could ever be established beyond the Line, since the first possession of the West-Indies by the Spaniards, till the burning of Panama. At that time, or few months before, Sir William Godolphin by his prudent negotiation in quality of Embassadour for our most Gracious Monarch, did conclude at Madrid a peace to be observed even beyond the Line, and through the whole extent of the Spanish Dominions in the West-Indies. This transaction gave the Spaniards new causes of complaints against our proceedings, that no sooner a Peace had been established for those parts of America, but our forces had taken and burnt both Chagre, St. Catherine, and Panama. But our reply was convincing, That whereas eight or ten months of time had been allowed by Articles for the publishing of the said Peace through all the Dominions of both Monarchies in America, those Hostilities had been committed, not onely without orders from his Majesty of England, but also within the space of the said eight or ten months of time. Until that time the Spanish Inhabitants of America being, as it were, in a perpetual War with Europe, certain it is that no Coasts nor Kingdoms in the World have been more frequently infested nor alarm'd with the invasions of several Nations than theirs. Thus from the very beginning of their Conquests in America, both English, French, Dutch Portuguese, Swedes, Danes, Curlanders, and all other nations that navigate the Ocean, have frequented the West-Indies, and filled them with their robberies and Assaults. From these occasions have they been in continual watch and ward, and kept their Militia in constant exercise, as also their Garrisons pretty well provided and paid; as fearing every sail they discovered at Sea, to be Pirats of one Nation or another. But much more especially, since that Curasao, Tortuga, and Jamaica have been inhabited by English, French, and Dutch, and bred up that race of Hunts-men, than which, no other ever was more desperate, nor more mortal enemies to the Spaniards, called Bucaniers. Now shall we say, that these People, through too long continuation of Peace, have utterly abolished the exercises of War, having been all-along incessantly vexed with the Tumults and Alarms thereof?
In like manner is it false, to accuse their defect of Military Discipline for want of European Commanders. For who knoweth not that all places, both Military and Civil, through those vast dominions of the West-Indies, are provided out of Spain? And those of the Militia most commonly given unto expert Commanders, trained up from their infancy in the Wars of Europe, either in Africa, Milan, Sicily, Naples, or Flanders, fighting against either English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, or Moors? Yea their very Garrisons, if you search them in those parts, will peradventure be found to be stock'd three parts to four with Souldiers both born and bred in the Kingdom of Spain.
From these Considerations it may be inferr'd what little difference ought to be allowed betwixt the Spanish Souldiers, Inhabitants of the West-Indies, and those of Europe. And how little the Soil or Climate hath influenced or caused their Courage to degenerate towards cowardize or baseness of mind. As if the very same Argument, deduced from the nature of that Climate, did not equally militate against the valour of our famous Bucaniers, and represent this to be of as degenerate Metal as theirs.
But nothing can be more clearly evinced, than is the Valour of the American Spaniards, either Souldiers or Officers, by the sequel of this History. What men ever fought more desperately than the Garrison of Chagre? Their number being 314, and of all these, only thirty remaining; of which number scarce ten were unwounded; and among them, not one officer found alive? Were not 600 killed upon the spot at Panama, 500 at Gibraltar, almost as many more at Puerto del Principe, all dying with their Arms in their hands, and facing bravely the Enemy for the defence of their Country and private Concerns? Did not those of the Town of San Pedro both fortifie themselves, lay several Ambuscades, and lastly sell their lives as dear as any European Souldier could do; Lolonois being forced to gain step by step his advance unto the Town, with huge loss both of bloud and men? Many other instances might be produced out of this compendious Volume, of the generous resistance the Spaniards made in several places, though Fortune favoured not their Arms.
Next, as to the personal Valour of many of their Commanders, What man ever behaved himself more briskly than the Governour of Gibraltar, than the Governour of Puerto del Principe, both dying for the defence of their Towns; than Don Alonso del Campo, and others? Or what examples can easily parallel the desperate courage of the Governour of Chagre? who, though the Palizda's were fired, the Terraplens were sunk into the Ditch, the Breaches were entred, the Houses all burnt above him, the whole Castle taken, his men all killed; yet would not admit of any quarter, but chose rather to die under his Arms, being shot into the brain, than surrender himself as a Prisoner unto the Bucaniers. What lion ever fought to the last gasp more obstinately than the Governour of Puerto Velo? who, seeing the Town enter'd by surprizal in the night, one chief Castle blown up into the Air, all the other Forts and Castles taken, his own assaulted several ways, both Religious men and women placed at the front of the Enemy to fix the Ladders against the Walls; yet spared not to kill as many of the said Religious persons as he could. And at last, the walls being scaled, the Castle enter'd and taken, all his own men overcome by fire and sword, who had cast down their Arms, and begged mercy from the Enemy; yet would admit of none for his own life. Yet, with his own hands killed several of his Souldiers, to force them to stand to their Arms, though all were lost. Yea, though his own Wife and Daughter begged of him upon their knees that he would have his life by craving quarter, though the Enemy desired of him the same thing; yet would hearken to no cries nor perswasions, but they were forced to kill him, combating with his Arms in his hands, being not otherwise able to take him Prisoner, as they were desirous to do. Shall these men be said to be influenced with Cowardize, who thus acted to the very last Scene of their own Tragedies? Or shall we rather say that they wanted no Courage, but Fortune? It being certainly true, that he who is killed in a Batel, may be equally couragious with him that killeth. And that whosoever derogateth from the Valour of the Spaniards in the West-Indies, diminisheth in like manner the Courage of the Bucaniers, his own Country-men, who have seemed to act beyond mortal men in America.
Now, to say something concerning John Esquemeling, the first Author of this History. I take him to be a Dutch-man, or at least born in Flanders, notwithstanding that the Spanish Translation representeth him to be a Native of the Kingdom of France. His printing this History originally in Dutch, which doubtless must be his native Tongue, who otherwise was but an illiterate man, together with the very sound of his name, convincing me thereunto. True it is, he set sail from France, and was some years at Tortuga; but neither of these two Arguments, drawn from the History, are prevalent. For were he to be a French-man born, how came he to learn the Dutch language so perfectly as to prefer it to his own? Especially that not being spoken at Tortuga nor Jamaica, where he resided all the while.
I hope I have made this English Translation something more plain and correct than the Spanish. Some few notorious faults either of the Printer or the Interpreter, I am sure I have redressed. But the Spanish Translator complaining much of the intricacy of Stile in the Original (as flowing from a person who, as hath been said, was no Scholar) as he was pardonable, being in great haste, for not rendring his own Version so distinct and elaborate as he could desire; so must I be excused from the one, that is to say, Elegancy, if I have cautiously declined the other, I mean Confusion.
2. Лагерь «особого назначения»
Записки «вредителя». Часть III. Концлагерь. 2. Лагерь «особого назначения»
В карантинной роте нас продержали две недели. Мы почти ничего не делали, томились от тесноты, голода и холода. Иногда нас выгоняли грузить в вагонетки баланы (бревна). Подача вагонеток на пристань, где стояли грузившиеся летом иностранные суда, производилась уже вольными рабочими. С тех пор как за границей началась кампания против принудительного труда на лесозаготовках, в СССР избегают показывать иностранцам заключенных, и потому лес, заготовленный руками заключенных, доставлялся ими только до пристани, на пристань же его ввозили «вольные», которые и грузили пароходы. Рабочих не хватало, происходили задержки с погрузкой, иногда приходилось выплачивать за простой судов больше, чем выручалось за проданный лес, но пускать заключенных на пристань все же не разрешалось. — Когда «мы» грузили, — злорадствовали гепеусты, — простоев у нас не было. Нам, заключенным, было все равно; до пристани иди на пристани работа была одинаково постыла. Затем срок карантина кончился, и нас перевели в другой барак, снаружи он казался лучше нашего, но внутри мало чем отличался: та же грязь, холод, теснота, клопы, только через весь барак был протянут другой плакат. На огромном куске материи было намалевано: «Труд без красоты и искусства — варварство». Плакат этот был результатом деятельности «культурно-воспитательного» отдела.
1648 - 1715
From 1648 to 1715
From the Peace of Westphalia and the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 to the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715.
2100 - 1550 BC
From 2100 - 1550 BC
Middle Bronze Age. From the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt in 2100-2000 BC through its decline to the New Kingdom of Egypt establishment in c. 1550 BC.
30 BC - 476 AD
From 30 BC to 476 AD
Roman imperial and late Antiquty. From the end of the last Hellenistic kingdom, the Ptolemaic Egypt in 30 BC to the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476.
Chapter III
The pirates of Panama or The buccaneers of America : Chapter III
A Description of Hispaniola. Also a Relation of the French Buccaneers. THE large and rich island called Hispaniola is situate from 17 degrees to 19 degrees latitude; the circumference is 300 leagues; the extent from east to west 120; its breadth almost 50, being broader or narrower at certain places. This island was first discovered by Christopher Columbus, a.d. 1492; he being sent for this purpose by Ferdinand, king of Spain; from which time to this present the Spaniards have been continually possessors thereof. There are upon this island very good and strong cities, towns, and hamlets, as well as a great number of pleasant country houses and plantations, the effects of the care and industry of the Spaniards its inhabitants. The chief city and metropolis hereof is Santo Domingo; being dedicated to St. Dominic, from whom it derives its name. It is situate towards the south, and affords a most excellent prospect; the country round about being embellished with innumerable rich plantations, as also verdant meadows and fruitful gardens; all which produce plenty and variety of excellent pleasant fruits, according to the nature of those countries. The governor of the island resides in this city, which is, as it were, the storehouse of all the cities, towns, and villages, which hence export and provide themselves with all necessaries for human life; and yet hath it this particularity above many other cities, that it entertains no commerce with any nation but its own, the Spaniards. The greatest part of the inhabitants are rich and substantial merchants or shopkeepers. Another city of this island is San Jago, or St.
Paleolithic
Paleolithic : from 2.6 million years to 12 000 BC
Paleolithic : from 2.6 million years to 12 000 BC.
Кавказ
Величко, В.Л.: С.-Петербург, Типография Артели Печатнаго Дела, Невский пр., 61, 1904
В.Л. Величко 1. Введение Какое доселе волшебное слово - Кавказ! Как веет от него неизгладимыми для всего русского народа воспоминаниями; как ярка мечта, вспыхивающая в душе при этом имени, мечта непобедимая ни пошлостью вседневной, ни суровым расчетом! Есть ли в России человек, чья семья несколько десятилетий тому назад не принесла бы этому загадочному краю жертв кровью и слезами, не возносила бы к небу жарких молитв, тревожно прислушиваясь к грозным раскатам богатырской борьбы, кипевшей вдали?! Снеговенчанные гиганты и жгучие лучи полуденного солнца, и предания старины, проникнутые глубочайшим трагизмом, и лихорадочное геройство сынов Кавказа - все это воспето и народом, и вещими выразителями его миросозерцания, вдохновленными светочами русской идеи, - нашими великими поэтами. Кавказ для нас не может быть чужим: слишком много на него потрачено всяческих сил, слишком много органически он связан с великим мировым призванием, с русским делом. В виду множества попыток (большею частью небескорыстных) сбить русское общество с толку в междуплеменных вопросах, необходимо установить раз и навсегда жизненную, правильную точку зрения на русское дело вообще. У людей, одинаково искренних, могут быть различные точки зрения. Одни считают служение русскому делу борьбой за народно-государственное существование и процветание, борьбой, не стесненной никакими заветами истории, никакими нормами нравственности или человечности; они считают, что все чужое, хотя бы и достойное, должно быть стерто с лица земли, коль скоро оно не сливается точно, быстро и бесследно с нашей народно-государственной стихией. Этот жестокий взгляд я назвал бы германским, а не русским.
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VI. «Сожги все»
Побег из ГУЛАГа. Часть 1. VI. «Сожги все»
Счастливых было пять — шесть лет. В 1925 году правительство «просчиталось» и не получило той массы хлеба, которую должно было доставить крестьянское хозяйство. Этот класс, трудолюбивый, но собственнический и упрямый, почувствовал себя хозяином земли, добытой революцией. Правительство сочло, что крестьяне стали поперек пути «развития социализма» и что их надо уничтожить как класс. Борьба, которую социалистическое правительство повело с основным огромным классом России, приняла такие ужасающие размеры, что картины «мировой бойни», как большевики называли мировую войну, потускнеют, если рядом с ними поставить образ разгромленного крестьянского народа. До городов докатывались только отзвуки, которые сказались грозно уже в 1929 году: ограничение питания, система карточек, непомерный рост цен на рынках, падение курса денег, исчезновение из обращения самых простых предметов, как бумага, стекла, гвозди, веревки, обувь, одежда, — всего. — Второй голод. Подохнуть бы, один конец! — говорили кругом. Возобновились массовые аресты, сначала так называемых «спекулянтов» и «валютчиков», то есть людей, у которых находили хотя бы более трех рублей серебром, не говоря уже о золотых вещах, как будто в этом была причина расстройства экономики, затем — «спецов».
9. Не верь следователю
Записки «вредителя». Часть II. Тюрьма. 9. Не верь следователю
Я вернулся в камеру в удрученном состоянии. У следователя я чувствовал больше злобы, чем волнения; оставшись же наедине с самим собой, я не чувствовал твердости. Убьют — несомненно, как убили всех моих друзей. Погибнут жена и сын, потому что у них конфискуют все, а жену сошлют. Так было с семьями «48-ми». Я должен умереть молча, дожидаясь дня, когда вызовут «с вещами», когда поведут коридорами вниз, в подвал, скрутят руки, накинут на голову мешок и кто-нибудь из этих мерзавцев пустит сзади пулю в затылок. Так нет же, не будет этого, не дамся я, как теленок на бойне. Я все обдумал и решил на следующем допросе убить следователя. Оружие, необходимое для этого, было у сидевших со мной в камере уголовных. У них был столовый нож, наточенный так, что они им брились. Был треугольный напильник, которым можно было бы действовать как стилетом, если приделать к нему ручку от ножа. Наконец, был стальной брусок, не менее пятисот граммов весом. Я остановился на этом бруске. Его можно было спрятать в рукав, и он был достаточно тяжел, чтобы одним ударом проломить череп. Промахнуться мне не хотелось. Надо действовать наверняка. Барышников ходил с револьвером в кобуре, но держал себя неосторожно, когда кончал допрос. Он шел мимо меня к вешалке, где висела его шинель и шапка, становился ко мне спиной, когда снимал шинель. Этот момент надо использовать, чтобы нанести удар. Он должен был рухнуть на пол, я мог завладеть револьвером, выскочить в буфет и при удаче успеть застрелить еще двух-трех следователей. Меня убили бы в сумятице и перестрелке. Картина мне представлялась заманчивой. Я наказал бы этого негодяя, из-за которого погиб С. В.
Таблица 4. Торпедное, артиллерийское, минное и стрелковое вооружение подводных лодок - 1
Короли подплава в море червонных валетов. Приложение. Таблица 4. Торпедное, артиллерийское, минное и стрелковое вооружение подводных лодок: Торпеды
Торпеды Тип торпеды Калибр, мм Длина, м Вес торпеды, кг Вес заряда кг Скорость хода, уз Дальность хода, км Примечание 45–15 (Уайтхеда1910/15 г. «Л») 450 5,2 655 100 38 1,0 Стале-бронзовая торпеда для лодок с «влажным подогревом» проекта Фиумского з-да. В советском флоте именовалась 45–15 и находилась на вооружении до ВОВ для пл т. «АГ». По направлению управлялась пр. Обри, по глубине — гидростатическим аппаратом. Имелось до 1 тыс. 34 2,0 29 3,0 25 4,0 53–27 533 7,15 1725 250 43,5 3,7 Проект Остехбюро. Производств о з-да «Двигатель». Изготовлено до 700 ед. Принята на вооружение в 1927 г. Подходила к аппаратам пл т. «Калев» 45–36-Н 450 5,7 935 200 41 3,0 Торпеда 45Ф, воспроизведенная НИМТИ по купленной в Италии. Производство з-да «Красный Прогресс».
Chapter II
The pirates of Panama or The buccaneers of America : Chapter II
A description of Tortuga The fruits and plants there How the French first settled there, at two several times, and forced out the Spaniards The author twice sold in the said island. THE island of Tortuga is situate on the north side of Hispaniola, in 20 deg. 30 min. latitude; its just extent is threescore leagues about. The Spaniards, who gave name to this island, called it so from the shape of the land, in some manner resembling a great sea-tortoise, called by them Tortuga-de-mar. The country is very mountainous, and full of rocks, and yet thick of lofty trees, that grow upon the hardest of those rocks, without partaking of a softer soil. Hence it comes that their roots, for the greatest part, are seen naked, entangled among the rocks like the branching of ivy against our walls. That part of this island which stretches to the north is totally uninhabited: the reason is, first, because it is incommodious, and unhealthy: and, secondly, for the ruggedness of the coast, that gives no access to the shore, unless among rocks almost inaccessible: for this cause it is peopled only on the south part, which hath only one port indifferently good: yet this harbour has two entries, or channels, which afford passage to ships of seventy guns; the port itself being without danger, and capable of receiving a great number of vessels. The inhabited parts, of which the first is called the Low-Lands, or Low-Country: this is the chief among the rest, because it contains the port aforesaid. The town is called Cayona, and here live the chiefest and richest planters of the island.