Chapter XVIII


Captain Morgan sends canoes and boats to the South Sea
He fires the city of Panama
Robberies and cruelties committed there by the pirates, till their return to the Castle of Chagre.


CAPTAIN MORGAN, as soon as he had placed necessary guards at several quarters within and without the city, commanded twenty-five men to seize a great boat, which had stuck in the mud of the port, for want of water, at a low tide. The same day about noon, he caused fire privately to be set to several great edifices of the city, nobody knowing who were the authors thereof, much less on what motives Captain Morgan did it, which are unknown to this day: the fire increased so, that before night the greatest part of the city was in a flame. Captain Morgan pretended the Spaniards had done it, perceiving that his own people reflected on him for that action. Many of the Spaniards, and some of the pirates, did what they could, either to quench the flame, or, by blowing up houses with gunpowder, and pulling down others, to stop it, but in vain: for in less than half an hour it consumed a whole street. All the houses of the city were built with cedar, very curious and magnificent, and richly adorned, especially with hangings and paintings, whereof part were before removed, and another great part were consumed by fire.

There were in this city (which is the see of a bishop) eight monasteries, seven for men, and one for women; two stately churches, and one hospital. The churches and monasteries were all richly adorned with altar-pieces and paintings, much gold and silver, and other precious things, all which the ecclesiastics had hidden. Besides which, here were two thousand houses of magnificent building, the greatest part inhabited by merchants vastly rich. For the rest of less quality, and tradesmen, this city contained five thousand more. Here were also many stables for the horses and mules that carry the plate of the king of Spain, as well as private men, towards the North Sea. The neighbouring fields are full of fertile plantations and pleasant gardens, affording delicious prospects to the inhabitants all the year.

The Genoese had in this city a stately house for their trade of negroes. This likewise was by Captain Morgan burnt to the very ground. Besides which building, there were consumed two hundred warehouses, and many slaves, who had hid themselves therein, with innumerable sacks of meal; the fire of which continued four weeks after it had begun. The greatest part of the pirates still encamped without the city, fearing and expecting the Spaniards would come and fight them anew, it being known they much outnumbered the pirates. This made them keep the field, to preserve their forces united, now much diminished by their losses. Their wounded, which were many, they put into one church, which remained standing, the rest being consumed by the fire. Besides these decreases of their men, Captain Morgan had sent a convoy of one hundred and fifty men to the castle of Chagre, to carry the news of his victory at Panama.

They saw often whole troops of Spaniards run to and fro in the fields, which made them suspect their rallying, which they never had the courage to do. In the afternoon Captain Morgan re-entered the city with his troops, that every one might take up their lodgings, which now they could hardly find, few houses having escaped the fire. Then they sought very carefully among the ruins and ashes, for utensils of plate or gold, that were not quite wasted by the flames: and of such they found no small number, especially in wells and cisterns, where the Spaniards had hid them.

Next day Captain Morgan dispatched away two troops, of one hundred and fifty men each, stout and well armed, to seek for the inhabitants who were escaped. These having made several excursions up and down the fields, woods, and mountains adjacent, returned after two days, bringing above two hundred prisoners, men, women, and slaves. The same day returned also the boat which Captain Morgan had sent to the South Sea, bringing three other boats which they had taken. But all these prizes they could willingly have given, and greater labour into the bargain, for one galleon, which miraculously escaped, richly laden with all the king's plate, jewels, and other precious goods of the best and richest merchants of Panama: on board which were also the religious women of the nunnery, who had embarked with them all the ornaments of their church, consisting in much gold, plate, and other things of great value.

The strength of this galleon was inconsiderable, having only seven guns, and ten or twelve muskets, and very ill provided with victuals, necessaries, and fresh water, having no more sails than the uppermost of the mainmast. This account the pirates received from some one who had spoken with seven mariners belonging to the galleon, who came ashore in the cockboat for fresh water. Hence they concluded they might easily have taken it, had they given her chase, as they should have done; but they were impeded from following this vastly rich prize, by their gluttony and drunkenness, having plentifully debauched themselves with several rich wines they found ready, choosing rather to satiate their appetites than to lay hold on such huge advantage; since this only prize would have been of far greater value than all they got at Panama, and the places thereabout. Next day, repenting of their negligence, being weary of their vices and debaucheries, they set forth another boat, well armed, to pursue with all speed the said galleon; but in vain, the Spaniards who were on board having had intelligence of their own danger one or two days before, while the pirates were cruising so near them; whereupon they fled to places more remote and unknown.

The pirates found, in the ports of the island of Tavoga and Tavogilla, several boats laden with very good merchandise; all which they took, and brought to Panama, where they made an exact relation of all that had passed to Captain Morgan. The prisoners confirmed what the pirates said, adding, that they undoubtedly knew where the galleon might then be, but that it was very probable they had been relieved before now from other places. This stirred up Captain Morgan anew, to send forth all the boats in the port of Panama to seek the said galleon till they could find her. These boats, being in all four, after eight days' cruising to and fro, and searching several ports and creeks, lost all hopes of finding her: hereupon they returned to Tavoga and Tavogilla; here they found a reasonable good ship newly come from Payta, laden with cloth, soap, sugar, and biscuit, with 20,000 pieces of eight; this they instantly seized, without the least resistance; as also a boat which was not far off, on which they laded great part of the merchandises from the ship, with some slaves. With this purchase they returned to Panama, somewhat better satisfied; yet, withal, much discontented that they could not meet with the galleon.

The convoy which Captain Morgan had sent to the castle of Chagre returned much about the same time, bringing with them very good news; for while Captain Morgan was on his journey to Panama, those he had left in the castle of Chagre had sent for two boats to cruise. These met with a Spanish ship, which they chased within sight of the castle. This being perceived by the pirates in the castle, they put forth Spanish colours, to deceive the ship that fled before the boats; and the poor Spaniards, thinking to take refuge under the castle, were caught in a snare, and made prisoners. The cargo on board the said vessel consisted in victuals and provisions, than which nothing could be more opportune for the castle, where they began already to want things of this kind.

This good luck of those of Chagre caused Captain Morgan to stay longer at Panama, ordering several new excursions into the country round about; and while the pirates at Panama were upon these expeditions, those at Chagre were busy in piracies on the North Sea. Captain Morgan sent forth, daily, parties of two hundred men, to make inroads into all the country round about; and when one party came back, another went forth, who soon gathered much riches, and many prisoners. These being brought into the city, were put to the most exquisite tortures, to make them confess both other people's goods and their own. Here it happened that one poor wretch was found in the house of a person of quality, who had put on, amidst the confusion, a pair of taffety breeches of his master's, with a little silver key hanging out; perceiving which, they asked him for the cabinet of the said key. His answer was, he knew not what was become of it, but that finding those breeches in his master's house, he had made bold to wear them. Not being able to get any other answer, they put him on the rack, and inhumanly disjointed his arms; then they twisted a cord about his forehead, which they wrung so hard that his eyes appeared as big as eggs, and were ready to fall out. But with these torments not obtaining any positive answer, they hung him up by the wrists, giving him many blows and stripes under that intolerable pain and posture of body. Afterwards they cut off his nose and ears, and singed his face with burning straw, till he could not speak, nor lament his misery any longer: then, losing all hopes of any confession, they bade a negro run him through, which put an end to his life, and to their inhuman tortures. Thus did many others of those miserable prisoners finish their days, the common sport and recreation of these pirates being such tragedies.

Captain Morgan having now been at Panama full three weeks, commanded all things to be prepared for his departure. He ordered every company of men to seek so many beasts of carriage as might convey the spoil to the river where his canoes lay. About this time there was a great rumour, that a considerable number of pirates intended to leave Captain Morgan; and that, taking a ship then in port, they determined to go and rob on the South Sea, till they had got as much as they thought fit, and then return homewards, by way of the East Indies. For which purpose they had gathered much provisions, which they had hid in private places, with sufficient powder, bullets, and all other ammunition: likewise some great guns belonging to the town, muskets, and other things, wherewith they designed not only to equip their vessel, but to fortify themselves in some island which might serve them for a place of refuge.

This design had certainly taken effect, had not Captain Morgan had timely advice of it from one of their comrades: hereupon he commanded the mainmast of the said ship to be cut down and burnt, with all the other boats in the port: hereby the intentions of all or most of his companions were totally frustrated. Then Captain Morgan sent many of the Spaniards into the adjoining fields and country to seek for money, to ransom not only themselves, but the rest of the prisoners, as likewise the ecclesiastics. Moreover, he commanded all the artillery of the town to be nailed and stopped up. At the same time he sent out a strong company of men to seek for the governor of Panama, of whom intelligence was brought, that he had laid several ambuscades in the way by which he ought to return: but they returned soon after, saying they had not found any sign of any such ambuscades. For confirmation whereof, they brought some prisoners, who declared that the said governor had had an intention of making some opposition by the way, but that the men designed to effect it were unwilling to undertake it: so that for want of means he could not put his design in execution.

February 24, 1671, Captain Morgan departed from Panama, or rather from the place where the city of Panama stood; of the spoils whereof he carried with him one hundred and seventy-five beasts of carriage, laden with silver, gold, and other precious things, beside about six hundred prisoners, men, women, children and slaves. That day they came to a river that passes through a delicious plain, a league from Panama: here Captain Morgan put all his forces into good order, so as that the prisoners were in the middle, surrounded on all sides with pirates, where nothing else was to be heard but lamentations, cries, shrieks, and doleful sighs of so many women and children, who feared Captain Morgan designed to transport them all into his own country for slaves. Besides, all those miserable prisoners endured extreme hunger and thirst at that time, which misery Captain Morgan designedly caused them to sustain, to excite them to seek for money to ransom themselves, according to the tax he had set upon every one. Many of the women begged Captain Morgan, on their knees, with infinite sighs and tears, to let them return to Panama, there to live with their dear husbands and children in little huts of straw, which they would erect, seeing they had no houses till the rebuilding of the city. But his answer was, "He came not thither to hear lamentations and cries, but to seek money: therefore they ought first to seek out that, wherever it was to be had, and bring it to him; otherwise he would assuredly transport them all to such places whither they cared not to go."

Next day, when the march began, those lamentable cries and shrieks were renewed, so as it would have caused compassion in the hardest heart: but Captain Morgan, as a man little given to mercy, was not moved in the least. They marched in the same order as before, one party of the pirates in the van, the prisoners in the middle, and the rest of the pirates in the rear; by whom the miserable Spaniards were at every step punched and thrust in their backs and sides, with the blunt ends of their arms, to make them march faster.

A beautiful lady, wife to one of the richest merchants of Tavoga, was led prisoner by herself, between two pirates. Her lamentations pierced the skies, seeing herself carried away into captivity often crying to the pirates, and telling them, "That she had given orders to two religious persons, in whom she had relied, to go to a certain place, and fetch so much money as her ransom did amount to; that they had promised faithfully to do it, but having obtained the money, instead of bringing it to her, they had employed it another way, to ransom some of their own, and particular friends." This ill action of theirs was discovered by a slave, who brought a letter to the said lady. Her complaints, and the cause thereof, being brought to Captain Morgan, he thought fit to inquire thereinto. Having found it to be true—especially hearing it confirmed by the confession of the said religious men, though under some frivolous exercises of having diverted the money but for a day or two, in which time they expected more sums to repay it—he gave liberty to the said lady, whom otherwise he designed to transport to Jamaica. But he detained the said religious men as prisoners in her place, using them according to their deserts.

Captain Morgan arriving at the town called Cruz, on the banks of the river Chagre, he published an order among the prisoners, that within three days every one should bring in their ransom, under the penalty of being transported to Jamaica. Meanwhile he gave orders for so much rice and maize to be collected thereabouts, as was necessary for victualling his ships. Here some of the prisoners were ransomed, but many others could not bring in their money. Hereupon he continued his voyage, leaving the village on the 5th of March following, carrying with him all the spoil he could. Hence he likewise led away some new prisoners, inhabitants there, with those in Panama, who had not paid their ransoms. But the two religious men, who had diverted the lady's money, were ransomed three days after by other persons, who had more compassion for them than they had showed for her.

About the middle of the way to Chagre, Captain Morgan commanded them to be mustered, and caused every one to be sworn, that they had concealed nothing, even not to the value of sixpence. This done, Captain Morgan knowing those lewd fellows would not stick to swear falsely for interest, he commanded every one to be searched very strictly, both in their clothes and satchels, and elsewhere. Yea, that this order might not be ill taken by his companions, he permitted himself to be searched, even to his very shoes. To this effect, by common consent, one was assigned out of every company to be searchers of the rest. The French pirates that assisted on this expedition disliked this new practice of searching; but, being outnumbered by the English, they were forced to submit as well as the rest. The search being over, they re-embarked, and arrived at the castle of Chagre on the 9th of March. Here they found all things in good order, excepting the wounded men whom they had left at their departure; for of these the greatest number were dead of their wounds.

From Chagre, Captain Morgan sent, presently after his arrival, a great boat to Puerto Bello, with all the prisoners taken at the isle of St. Catherine, demanding of them a considerable ransom for the castle of Chagre, where he then was; threatening otherwise to ruin it. To this those of Puerto Bello answered, they would not give one farthing towards the ransom of the said castle, and the English might do with it as they pleased. Hereupon the dividend was made of all the spoil made in that voyage; every company, and every particular person therein, receiving their proportion, or rather what part thereof Captain Morgan pleased to give them. For the rest of his companions, even of his own nation, murmured at his proceedings, and told him to his face that he had reserved the best jewels to himself: for they judged it impossible that no greater share should belong to them than two hundred pieces of eight, per capita, of so many valuable plunders they had made; which small sum they thought too little for so much labour, and such dangers, as they had been exposed to. But Captain Morgan was deaf to all this, and many other like complaints, having designed to cheat them of what he could.

At last, finding himself obnoxious to many censures of his people, and fearing the consequence, he thought it unsafe to stay any longer at Chagre, but ordered the ordnance of the castle to be carried on board his ship; then he caused most of the walls to be demolished, the edifices to be burnt, and as many other things ruined as could be done in a short time. This done, he went secretly on board his own ship, without giving any notice to his companions, and put out to sea, being only followed by three or four vessels of the whole fleet. These were such (as the French pirates believed) as went shares with Captain Morgan in the best part of the spoil, which had been concealed from them in the dividend. The Frenchmen could willingly have revenged themselves on Captain Morgan and his followers, had they been able to encounter him at sea; but they were destitute of necessaries, and had much ado to find sufficient provisions for their voyage to Jamaica, he having left them unprovided for all things.

THE END

Introduction

The pirates of Panama or The buccaneers of America : Introduction by George Alfred Williams

This volume was originally written in Dutch by John Esquemeling, and first published in Amsterdam in 1678 under the title of De Americaeneche Zee Roovers. It immediately became very popular and this first hand history of the Buccaneers of America was soon translated into the principal European languages. The first English edition was printed in 1684. Of the author, John Esquemeling, very little is known although it is generally conceded that he was in all probability a Fleming or Hollander, a quite natural supposition as his first works were written in the Dutch language. He came to the island of Tortuga, the headquarters of the Buccaneers, in 1666 in the employ of the French West India Company. Several years later this same company, owing to unsuccessful business arrangements, recalled their representatives to France and gave their officers orders to sell the company's land and all its servants. Esquemeling then a servant of the company was sold to a stern master by whom he was treated with great cruelty. Owing to hard work, poor food and exposure he became dangerously ill, and his master seeing his weak condition and fearing to lose the money Esquemeling had cost him resold him to a surgeon. This new master treated him kindly so that Esquemeling's health was speedily restored, and after one year's service he was set at liberty upon a promise to pay his benefactor, the surgeon, 100 pieces of eight at such a time as he found himself in funds. Once more a free man he determined to join the pirates and was received into their society and remained with them until 1672. Esquemeling served the Buccaneers in the capacity of barber-surgeon, and was present at all their exploits.

5. Те, кто работал и создавал...

Записки «вредителя». Часть I. Время террора. 5. Те, кто работал и создавал...

Во главе этих людей стоял Семен Васильевич Щербаков, расстрелянный 24 сентября 1930 года. Он был фактическим создателем северного тралового промысла и, благодаря исключительному уму и выдержке, человеком, на котором держалось все. Я не могу без волнения вспомнить о нем. Его не забудет и никто из тех, кому приходилось с ним работать. Крестьянин Астраханской губернии, выучившийся грамоте в сельской школе, он в десять лет поступил «мальчиком» на один из рыбных промыслов крупной фирмы Беззубикова. Из «мальчиков», пройдя все постепенные ступени, он стал заведующим промыслом и, наконец, доверенным фирмы в Северном районе. Уверенно и спокойно вел он крупное рыбопромышленное дело, в котором ему ничего не принадлежало, от которого он не получал ничего, кроме скромного жалованья. Он встретил революцию так же спокойно, как и вообще все в жизни. Никогда не вспоминал былых «хозяев», не говорил ни об их обидах ни о наградах. Слишком рано начал жить и слишком много видел в жизни, чтобы от чего-нибудь приходить в волнение. В революции он принял новое дело, не потеряв ни минуты, потому что его интересовало всегда одно — работа, с которой он органически сливался. Человек он был необыкновенно одаренный, а непрерывный труд и скрытый внутренний рост ставили его выше очень образованных и культурных людей.

Таблица 4. Торпедное, артиллерийское, минное и стрелковое вооружение подводных лодок - 2

Короли подплава в море червонных валетов. Приложение. Таблица 4. Торпедное, артиллерийское, минное и стрелковое вооружение подводных лодок: Торпедные аппараты

Торпедные аппараты Тип аппарата Место установки Калибр, мм Способ выстреливания Способ наведения мины Примечание Трубчатые, герметичные с наружными и внутренними крышками Внутри прочного корпуса, в носу (2–4 шт.), в корме (0–2 шт.) 450 Сжатым воздухом с помощью поршня Корпусом лодки + прибором Обри с предварительной установкой угла Вооружались лодки т. «Барс», «АГ» и «Ронис» [403] Трубчатые, герметичные с наружными и внутренними крышками Внутри прочного корпуса, в носу (2– 4–6 шт.), в корме (0–2–4 шт.) 533 Сжатым воздухом с выходом воздушного пузыря наверх Корпусом лодки + прибором Обри с предварительной установкой угла Вооружались все лодки начиная с 1927 г. постройки и лодки иностранной постройки «Калев» и «Л-55»

Нижний Палеолит

Нижний Палеолит. Период примерно от 2.6 миллионов до 300 000 лет назад

Нижний Палеолит. Период примерно от 2.6 миллионов до 300 000 лет назад.

Античность

Античность : период примерно с 800 г. до н.э. по 476 г. н.э.

Античность : период примерно с 800 г. до н.э. по 476 г. н.э.

Proistoria.org : History of the World

History of the World. Texts. Images. Contents in English, French, Russian and some other languages

XV. Допрос

Побег из ГУЛАГа. Часть 1. XV. Допрос

На первый допрос я шла спокойно. Мне казалось, что допросы должны носить деловой характер и хоть в какой-то мере служить для выяснения истины. Мой арест был несомненным признаком, что положение мужа ухудшилось, а я все-таки глупо надеялась, что могу быть ему полезна подтверждением его невиновности. Мне в голову не приходило, что я была арестована, чтобы тем самым вынудить его к признанию в несовершенном преступлении, что следователь открыто ставил перед ним дилемму: подписать признание, что он «вредил», или быть виновником моего ареста. Я не могла знать и того, что после моего ареста следователь ставил перед ним вторую дилемму: или подписать признание своей «вины», хотя бы в такой формулировке: «Признаю себя виновным», не говоря, в чем именно, получить десять лет Соловков, но купить этим мое освобождение, или, в случае отказа, самому быть расстрелянным, меня — отправят на десять лет в Соловки, а сына — в колонию для беспризорников. Я знала, что жен часто арестовывают из-за мужей, но что судьбой их спекулируют с такой циничностью, я не могла поверить, пока не испытала на себе. Так, с наивностью вольного человека, я оказалась перед следователем. Это был молодой еще человек, с профессионально застылым, да и вообще не умным лицом. Он молчал, не сказав «здравствуйте», не предложив сесть. Позже я узнала, что в ГПУ принято три главных способа обращения: сухо-формальный, истерически-угрожающий и вежливо-вкрадчивый. Третьего мне не пришлось испытать, но, говорят, это самый противный, особенно для женщин. Соответственно этому, следователи держат себя, как плохие актеры на провинциальной сцене.

6. Вывод за ворота

Записки «вредителя». Часть III. Концлагерь. 6. Вывод за ворота

Очередь под открытым небом, то есть большую часть года под дождем и снежной метелью. Многие проглатывают свою порцию тут же, стоя, другие бегут в барак, на нары. У кого есть чайник, берут кипяток. Но все торопятся, потому что надо исполнить длинную и сложную процедуру, чтобы получить право выйти за проволоку и успеть на работу. В бараке, у ротного, надо получить «рабочую книжку», расписаться в книге, отметить часы и минуты получения, затем в канцелярии дежурного по лагерю надо показать книжку и получить пропуск на выход за проволоку. Получивших пропуска конвойные выстраивают на «линейке» и ведут к воротам. Здесь часовой просчитывает заключенных, проверяет пропуска. Вывод из ворот происходит в восемь часов утра, к девяти все должны быть разведены по всем учреждениям лагеря, разбросанным по городу Кеми. Так как всем надо «выправить документы» одновременно — всюду толкотня, очереди, ругань Нас гонят на принудительную работу, и мы же должны добыть себе пропуска, а нас же ругают в течение всей этой процедуры... Ведут нас посреди дороги, осенью и весной покрытой невылазной грязью. Среди конвойных попадаются рьяные служаки, которые требуют, чтобы мы строго соблюдали военный строй, а обуты мы все бог знает как, и многие месят эту каторжную грязь уже из последних сил. — Равняться чище в рядах! — кричит наш командир, останавливая и равняя шеренги. — До вечера стоять будете. — А нам что, постоим! — слышится из рядов. — Срок идет. Конвойный бросается искать виновных, отбирает пять-шесть документов, записывает фамилии.

Немножко Финляндии

Куприн, А.И. Январь 1908

По одну сторону вагона тянется без конца рыжее, кочковатое, снежное болото, по другую - низкий, густой сосняк, и так - более полусуток. За Белоостровом уже с трудом понимают по-русски. К полудню поезд проходит вдоль голых, гранитных громад, и мы в Гельсингфорсе. Так близко от С.-Петербурга, и вот - настоящий европейский город. С вокзала выходим на широкую площадь, величиной с половину Марсова поля. Налево - массивное здание из серого гранита, немного похожее на церковь в готическом стиле. Это новый финский театр. Направо - строго выдержанный национальный Atheneum. Мы находимся в самом сердце города. Идем в гору по Michelsgatan. Так как улица узка, а дома на ней в четыре-пять этажей, то она кажется темноватой, но тем не менее производит нарядное и солидное впечатление. Большинство зданий в стиле модерн, но с готическим оттенком. Фасады домов без карнизов и орнаментов; окна расположены несимметрично, они часто бывают обрамлены со всех четырех сторон каменным гладким плинтусом, точно вставлены в каменное паспарту. На углах здания высятся полукруглые башни, над ними, так же как над чердачными окнами, островерхие крыши. Перед парадным входом устроена лоджия, нечто вроде глубокой пещеры из темного гранита, с массивными дверями, украшенными красной медью, и с электрическими фонарями, старинной, средневековой формы, в виде ящиков из волнистого пузыристого стекла. Уличная толпа культурна и хорошо знает правую сторону. Асфальтовые тротуары широки, городовые стройны, скромно щеголеваты и предупредительно вежливы, на извозчиках синие пальто с белыми металлическими пуговицами, нет крика и суеты, нет разносчиков и нищих. Приятно видеть в этом многолюдье детей.

19. Кто убивал: значимые черты обобщённого портрета убийц на основании предполагаемой поведенческой модели

Перевал Дятлова. Смерть, идущая по следу... 19. Кто убивал: значимые черты обобщённого портрета убийц на основании предполагаемой поведенческой модели

Что же можно сказать об убийцах, основываясь на зафиксированных следствием деталях преступления и сделанных выше выводах? Пойдём по порядку: - Убийцы не являлись членами группы Игоря Дятлова, в противном случае согласованные действия группы были бы исключены. Между тем, "дятловцы" отступали от палатки все вместе, в одном направлении и при сохранении, как минимум, голосового контакта. В дальнейшем мы видим согласованные действия под кедром и в овраге; - Убийц было немного - 2, максимум, 3 человека - поскольку эти люди испытывали явное затруднение с контролем всей группы туристов. Именно их неспособность полностью контролировать всю группу обеспечила Золотарёву и Тибо-Бриньолю возможность отделиться в самом начале нападения и сохранить одежду, обувь, головные уборы; - Убийцы были вооружены огнестрельным оружием, поскольку без него им не удалось бы добиться повиновения группы из 9 человек, располагавшей по меньшей мере 3 топорами, 5 ножами и 2 лыжными палками. Именно подавляющее силовое превосходство противника заставило по меньшей мере семерых взрослых, адекватных и достаточно опытных людей подчиниться совершенно диким на первый взгляд требованиям снять головные уборы, перчатки и обувь. Без огнестрельного оружия противник не смог бы подавить волю к сопротивлению до такой степени; обязательно началась бы групповая драка, свалка и на телах и одежде погибших появились бы связанные с этим специфические повреждения; - Убийцы явно выдавали себя не за тех, кем являлись на самом деле. Именно этим объясняется недооценка некоторыми членами группы степени угрозы, созданной этими людьми.

1559 - 1603

From 1559 to 1603

From the end of the Italian Wars in 1559 to the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603.

Глава XV

Путешествие натуралиста вокруг света на корабле «Бигль». Глава XV. Переход через Кордильеры

Вальпараисо Перевал Портильо Сообразительность мулов Горные потоки Как была открыта руда Доказательства постепенного поднятия Кордильер Влияние снега на горные породы Геологическое строение двух главных хребтов, различие их происхождения и поднятия Значительное опускание Красный снег Ветры Снежные столбы Сухой и прозрачный воздух Электричестве Пампасы Фауна восточных склонов Ано Саранча Огромные клопы Мендоси Перевал Успальята Окременелые деревья, погребенные в их естественном положении Мост Инков Преувеличенная трудность горных проходов Кумбре Касучи Вальпараисо 7 марта 1835 г. — Мы простояли в Консепсьоне три дня и отплыли в Вальпараисо. Ветер был северный, и мы добрались до выхода из гавани Консепсьона только перед наступлением сумерек. Так как мы находились очень близко к земле и опускался густой туман, то мы бросили якорь. Вскоре у самого нашего борта вдруг появилось американское китобойное судно: мы услыхали голос янки, заклинавшего матросов помолчать, пока он прислушивается к бурунам. Капитан Фиц-Рой крикнул ему громко и отчетливо, чтобы он бросил якорь там, где находится. Бедняга решил, должно быть, что это голос с берега: на судне его тотчас же поднялся страшный галдеж, все закричали: «Отдавай якорь! трави канат! убирай паруса!» Ничего более смешного я никогда не слыхал. Если бы весь экипаж судна состоял из одних капитанов, без единого матроса, то и тогда не могло бы возникнуть большего гама, чем тот, в какой сливались эти беспорядочно выкрикиваемые команды.