Chapter VIII
Lolonois makes new preparations to make the city of St. James de Leon; as also that of Nicaragua; where he miserably perishes.
LOLONOIS had got great repute at Tortuga by this last voyage, because he brought home such considerable profit; and now he need take no great care to gather men to serve under him, more coming in voluntarily than he could employ; every one reposing such confidence in his conduct that they judged it very safe to expose themselves, in his company, to the greatest dangers. He resolved therefore a second voyage to the parts of Nicaragua, to pillage there as many towns as he could.
Having published his new preparations, he had all his men together at the time, being about seven hundred. Of these he put three hundred aboard the ship he took at Maracaibo, and the rest in five other vessels of lesser burthen; so that they were in all six ships. The first port they went to was Bayaha in Hispaniola, to victual the fleet, and take in provisions; which done, they steered their course to a port called Matamana, on the south side of Cuba, intending to take here all the canoes they could; these coasts being frequented by the fishers of tortoises, who carry them hence to the Havannah. They took as many of them, to the great grief of those miserable people, as they thought necessary; for they had great use for these small bottoms, by reason the port they designed for had not depth enough for ships of any burthen. Hence they took their course towards the cape Gracias à Dios on the continent, in latitude 15 deg. north, one hundred leagues from the Island de los Pinos. Being at sea, they were taken with a sad and tedious calm, and, by the agitation of the waves alone, were thrown into the gulf of Honduras: here they laboured hard in vain to regain what they had lost, both the waters and the winds being contrary; besides, the ship wherein Lolonois was embarked could not follow the rest; and what was worse, they wanted provisions. Hereupon, they were forced to put into the first port they could reach, to revictual: so they entered with their canoes into the river Xagua, inhabited by Indians, whom they totally destroyed, finding great quantities of millet, and many hogs and hens: not contented with which, they determined to remain there till the bad weather was over, and to pillage all the towns and villages along the coast of the gulf. Thus they passed from one place to another, seeking still more provisions, with which they were not sufficiently supplied. Having searched and rifled many villages, where they found no great matter, they came at last to Puerto Cavallo: here the Spaniards have two storehouses to keep the merchandises that are brought from the inner parts of the country, till the arrival of the ships. There was then in the port a Spanish ship of twenty-four guns, and sixteen pedreros or mortar-pieces: this ship was immediately seized by the pirates, and then drawing nigh the shore, they landed, and burnt the two storehouses, with all the rest of the houses there. Many inhabitants likewise they took prisoners, and committed upon them the most inhuman cruelties that ever heathens invented; putting them to the cruellest tortures they could devise. It was the custom of Lolonois, that having tormented persons not confessing, he would instantly cut them in pieces with his hanger, and pull out their tongues, desiring to do so, if possible, to every Spaniard in the world. It often happened that some of these miserable prisoners, being forced by the rack, would promise to discover the places where the fugitive Spaniards lay hid, which not being able afterwards to perform, they were put to more cruel deaths than they who were dead before.
The prisoners being all dead but two (whom they reserved to show them what they desired), they marched hence to the town of San Pedro, or St. Peter, ten or twelve leagues from Puerto Cavallo, being three hundred men, whom Lolonois led, leaving behind him Moses van Vin his lieutenant, to govern the rest in his absence. Being come three leagues on their way, they met with a troop of Spaniards, who lay in ambuscade for their coming: these they set upon, with all the courage imaginable, and at last totally defeated. Howbeit, they behaved themselves very manfully at first; but not being able to resist the fury of the pirates, they were forced to give way, and save themselves by flight, leaving many pirates dead in the place, some wounded, and some of their own party maimed, by the way. These Lolonois put to death without mercy, having asked them what questions he thought fit for his purpose.
There were still remaining some few prisoners not wounded; these were asked by Lolonois, if any more Spaniards did lie farther on in ambuscade? They answered, there were. Then being brought before him, one by one, he asked if there was no other way to town but that. This he did to avoid if possible those ambuscades. But they all constantly answered him they knew none. Having asked them all, and finding they could show him no other way, Lolonois grew outrageously passionate; so that he drew his cutlass, and with it cut open the breast of one of those poor Spaniards, and pulling out his heart began to bite and gnaw it with his teeth, like a ravenous wolf, saying to the rest, "I will serve you all alike, if you show me not another way."
Hereupon, those miserable wretches promised to show him another way, but withal, they told him, it was extremely difficult, and laborious. Thus to satisfy that cruel tyrant, they began to lead him and his army; but finding it not for his purpose as they had told him, he was forced to return to the former way, swearing with great choler and indignation, "Mort Dieu, les Espagnols me le payeront. By God's death, the Spaniards shall pay me for this."
Next day he fell into another ambuscade, which he assaulted with such horrible fury, that in less than an hour's time he routed the Spaniards, and killed the greatest part of them. The Spaniards thought by these ambuscades better to destroy the pirates, assaulting them by degrees, and for this reason had posted themselves in several places. At last he met with a third ambuscade, where was placed a party stronger, and more advantageously, than the former: yet notwithstanding, the pirates, by continually throwing little fire-balls in great numbers, for some time, forced this party, as well as the former, to flee, and this with so great loss of men, that before they could reach the town, the greatest part of the Spaniards were either killed or wounded. There was but one path which led to the town, very well barricaded with good defences; and the rest of the town round was planted with shrubs called raqueltes, full of thorns very sharp pointed. This sort of fortification seemed stronger than the triangles used in Europe, when an army is of necessity to pass by the place of an enemy; it being almost impossible for the pirates to traverse those shrubs. The Spaniards posted behind the said defences, seeing the pirates come, began to ply them with their great guns; but these perceiving them ready to fire, used to stoop down, and when the shot was made, to fall upon the defendants with fire-balls and naked swords, killing many of the town: yet notwithstanding, not being able to advance any farther, they retired, for the present: then they renewed the attack with fewer men than before, and observing not to shoot till they were very nigh, they gave the Spaniards a charge so dextrously, that with every shot they killed an enemy.
The attack continuing thus eager on both sides till night, the Spaniards were compelled to hang forth a white flag, and desired to come to a parley: the only conditions they required were, "that the pirates should give the inhabitants quarter for two hours." This little time they demanded with intent to carry away and hide as much of their goods and riches as they could, and to fly to some other neighbouring town. Granting this article, they entered the town, and continued there the two hours, without committing the least hostility on the inhabitants; but no sooner was that time past, than Lolonois ordered that the inhabitants should be followed, and robbed of all they had carried away; and not only their goods, but their persons likewise to be made prisoners; though the greatest part of their merchandise and goods were so hid, as the pirates could not find them, except a few leathern sacks, filled with anil, or indigo.
Having stayed here a few days, and, according to their custom, committed most horrid insolences, they at last quitted the place, carrying away all they possibly could, and reducing the town to ashes. Being come to the seaside, where they left a party of their own, they found these had been cruising upon the fishermen thereabouts, or who came that way from the river of Guatemala: in this river was also expected a ship from Spain. Finally, they resolved to go toward the islands on the other side of the gulf, there to cleanse and careen their vessels; but they left two canoes before the coast, or rather the mouth of the river of Guatemala, in order to take the ship, which, as I said, was expected from Spain.
But their chief intent in going hither was to seek provisions, knowing the tortoises of those places are excellent food. Being arrived, they divided themselves, each party choosing a fit post for that fishery. They undertook to knit nets with the rinds of certain trees called macoa, whereof they make also ropes and cables; so that no vessel can be in need of such things, if they can but find the said trees. There are also many places where they find pitch in so great abundance, that running down the sea-coasts, being melted by the sun, it congeals in the water in great heaps, like small islands. This pitch is not like that of Europe, but resembles, both in colour and shape, that froth of the sea called bitumen; but, in my judgment, this matter is nothing but wax mixed with sand, which stormy weather, and the rolling waves of great rivers hath cast into the sea; for in those parts are great quantities of bees who make their honey in trees, to the bodies of which the honeycomb being fixed, when tempests arise, they are torn away, and by the fury of the winds carried into the sea, as is said. Some naturalists say, that the honey and the wax are separated by the salt water; whence proceeds the good amber. This opinion seems the more probable, because the said amber tastes as wax doth.
But to return to my discourse. The pirates made in those islands all the haste they possibly could to equip their vessels, hearing that the Spanish ship was come which they expected. They spent some time cruising on the coasts of Jucatan, where inhabit many Indians, who seek for the said amber in those seas. And I shall here, by the by, make some short remarks on the manner of living of the Indians, and their religion.
They have now been above a hundred years under the Spaniards, to whom they performed all manner of services; for whensoever any of them needed a slave or servant, they sent for these to serve them as long as they pleased. By the Spaniards they were initiated in the principles of the Christian faith and religion, and they sent them every Sunday and holiday a priest to perform divine service among them; afterwards, for reasons not known, but certainly through temptations of the father of idolatry, the devil, they suddenly cast off the Christian religion, abusing the priest that was sent them: this provoked the Spaniards to punish them, by casting many of the chiefs into prison. Every one of those barbarians had, and hath still, a god to himself, whom he serves and worships. It is a matter of admiration, how they use a child newly born: as soon as it comes into the world, they carry it to the temple; here they make a hole, which they fill with ashes only, on which they place the child naked, leaving it there a whole night alone, not without great danger, nobody daring to come near it; meanwhile the temple is open on all sides, that all sorts of beasts may freely come in and out. Next day, the father, and relations of the infant, return to see if the track or step of any animal appears in the ashes: not finding any, they leave the child there till some beast has approached the infant, and left behind him the marks of his feet: to this animal, whatsoever it be, they consecrate the creature newly born, as to its god, which he is bound to worship all his life, esteeming the said beast his patron and protector. They offer to their gods sacrifices of fire, wherein they burn a certain gum called by them copal, whose smoke smells very deliciously. When the infant is grown up, the parents thereof tell him who he ought to worship, and serve, and honour as his own proper god. Then he goes to the temple, where he makes offerings to the said beast. Afterwards, if in the course of his life, any one injure him, or any evil happen to him, he complains to that beast, and sacrifices to it for revenge. Hence it often comes, that those who have done the injury of which he complains are bitten, killed, or otherwise hurt by such animals.
After this superstitious and idolatrous manner live those miserable and ignorant Indians that inhabit the islands of the gulf of Honduras; as also many of them on the continent of Jucatan, in the territories whereof are most excellent ports, where those Indians most commonly build their houses. These people are not very faithful to one another, and use strange ceremonies at their marriages. Whensoever any one pretends to marry a young damsel, he first applies himself to her father or nearest relation: he examines him nicely about the manner of cultivating their plantations, and other things at his pleasure. Having satisfied the questions of his father-in-law, he gives the young man a bow and arrow, with which he repairs to the young maid, and presents her with a garland of green leaves and sweet-smelling flowers; this she is obliged to put on her head, and lay aside that which she wore before, it being the custom for virgins to go perpetually crowned with flowers. This garland being received, and put on her head, every one of the relations and friends go to advise with others whether that marriage will be like to be happy or not; then they meet at the house of the damsel's father, where they drink of a liquor made of maize, or Indian wheat; and here, before the whole company, the father gives his daughter in marriage to the bridegroom. Next day the bride comes to her mother, and in her presence pulls off the garland, and tears it in pieces, with great cries and lamentations. Many other things I could relate of the manner of living and customs of those Indians, but I shall follow my discourse.
Our pirates therefore had many canoes of the Indians in the isle of Sambale, five leagues from the coasts of Jucatan. Here is great quantity of amber, but especially when any storm arises from towards the east; whence the waves bring many things, and very different. Through this sea no vessels can pass, unless very small, it being too shallow. In the lands that are surrounded by this sea, is found much Campechy wood, and other things that serve for dyeing, much esteemed in Europe, and would be more, if we had the skill of the Indians, who make a dye or tincture that never fades.
The pirates having been in that gulf three months, and receiving advice that the Spanish ship was come, hastened to the port where the ship lay at anchor unlading her merchandise, with design to assault her as soon as possible; but first they thought convenient to send away some of their boats to seek for a small vessel also expected very richly laden with plate, indigo, and cochineal. Meanwhile, the ship's crew having notice that the pirates designed upon them, prepared all things for a good defence, being mounted with forty-two guns, well furnished with arms and other necessaries, and one hundred and thirty fighting men. To Lolonois all this seemed but little, for he assaulted her with great courage, his own ship carrying but twenty-two guns, and having no more than a small saety or fly-boat for help: but the Spaniards defended themselves so well, as they forced the pirates to retire; but the smoke of the powder continuing thick, as a dark fog or mist, with four canoes well manned, they boarded the ship with great agility, and forced the Spaniards to surrender.
The ship being taken, they found not in her what they thought, being already almost unladen. All they got was only fifty bars of iron, a small parcel of paper, some earthen jars of wine, and other things of small importance.
Then Lolonois called a council of war, and told them, he intended for Guatemala: hereupon they divided into several sentiments, some liking the proposal, and others disliking it, especially a party of them who were but raw in those exercises, and who imagined at their setting forth from Tortuga that pieces of eight were gathered as easy as pears from a tree; but finding most things contrary to their expectation, they quitted the fleet, and returned; others affirmed they had rather starve than return home without a great deal of money.
But the major part judging the propounded voyage little to their purpose, separated from Lolonois and the rest: of these one Moses Vanclein was ringleader, captain of the ship taken at Puerto Cavallo: this fellow steered for Tortuga, to cruise to and fro in these seas. With him joined another comrade of his, by name Pierre le Picard, who seeing the rest leave Lolonois, thought fit to do the same. These runaways having thus parted company, steered homewards, coasting along the continent till they came to Costa Rica; here they landed a strong party nigh the river Veraguas, and marched in good order to the town of the same name: this they took and totally pillaged, though the Spaniards made a strong resistance. They brought away some of the inhabitants as prisoners, with all they had, which was of no great importance, by reason of the poverty of the place, which exerciseth no other trade than working in the mines, where some of the inhabitants constantly attend, while none seek for gold, but only slaves. These they compel to dig and wash the earth in the neighbouring rivers, where often they find pieces of gold as big as peas. The pirates gaining in this adventure but seven or eight pounds weight of gold, they returned, giving over the design to go to the town of Nata, situate on the coasts of the South Sea, whose inhabitants are rich merchants, and their slaves work in the mines of Veraguas; being deterred by the multitudes of Spaniards gathered on all sides to fall upon them, whereof they had timely advice.
Lolonois, thus left by his companions, remained alone in the gulf of Honduras. His ship being too great to get out at the reflux of those seas, there he sustained great want of provisions, so as they were constrained to go ashore every day to seek sustenance, and not finding anything else, they were forced to kill and eat monkeys, and other animals, such as they could find.
At last in the altitude of the cape of Gracias a Dios, near a certain little island called De las Pertas, his ship struck on a bank of sand, where it stuck so fast, as no art could get her off again, though they unladed all the guns, iron, and other weighty things as much as they could. Hereupon they were forced to break the ship in pieces, and with planks and nails build themselves a boat to get away; and while they are busy about it, I shall describe the said isles and their inhabitants.
The islands De las Pertas are inhabited by savage Indians, not having known or conversed with civil people: they are tall and very nimble, running almost as fast as horses; at diving also they are very dextrous and hardy. From the bottom of the sea I saw them take up an anchor of six hundredweight, tying a cable to it with great dexterity, and pulling it from a rock. Their arms are made of wood, without any iron point; but some instead thereof use a crocodile's tooth. They have no bows nor arrows, as the other Indians have, but their common weapon is a sort of lance a fathom and a half long. Here are many plantations surrounded with woods, whence they gather abundance of fruits, as potatoes, bananas, racoven, ananas, and many others. They have no houses to dwell in, as at other places in the Indies. Some say they eat human flesh, which is confirmed by what happened when Lolonois was there. Two of his companions, one a Frenchman and the other a Spaniard, went into the woods, where having straggled awhile, a troop of Indians pursued them. They defended themselves as well as they could with their swords, but at last were forced to flee. The nimble Frenchman escaped; but the Spaniard being not so swift, was taken and heard of no more. Some days after, twelve pirates set forth well armed to seek their companion, among whom was the Frenchman, who conducted them, and showed them the place where he left him; here they found that the Indians had kindled a fire, and at a small distance they found a man's bones well roasted, with some pieces of flesh ill scraped off the bones, and one hand, which had only two fingers remaining, whence they concluded they had roasted the poor Spaniard.
They marched on, seeking for Indians, and found a great number together, who endeavoured to escape, but they overtook some of them, and brought aboard their ships five men and four women; with these they took much pains to make themselves be understood, and to gain their affections, giving them trifles, as knives, beads, and the like; they gave them also victuals and drink, but nothing would they taste. It was also observable, that while they were prisoners, they spoke not one word to each other; so that seeing these poor Indians were much afraid, they presented them again with some small things, and let them go. When they parted, they made signs they would come again, but they soon forgot their benefactors, and were never heard of more; neither could any notice afterwards be had of these Indians, nor any others in the whole island, which made the pirates suspect that both those that were taken, and all the rest of the islanders, swam away by night to some little neighbouring islands, especially considering they could never set eyes on any Indian more, nor any boat or other vessel. Meanwhile the pirates were very desirous to see their long-boat finished out of the timber that struck on the sands; yet considering their work would be long, they began to cultivate some pieces of ground; here they sowed French beans, which ripened in six weeks, and many other fruits. They had good provision of Spanish wheat, bananas, racoven, and other things; with the wheat they made bread, and baked it in portable ovens, brought with them. Thus they feared not hunger in those desert places, employing themselves thus for five or six months; which past, and the long-boat finished, they resolved for the river of Nicaragua, to see if they could take some canoes, and return to the said islands for their companions that remained behind, by reason the boat could not hold so many men together; hereupon, to avoid disputes, they cast lots, determining who should go or stay.
The lot fell on one half of the people of the lost vessel, who embarked in the long-boat, and on the skiff which they had before, the other half remaining ashore. Lolonois having set sail, arrived in a few days at the river of Nicaragua: here that ill-fortune assailed him which of long time had been reserved for him, as a punishment due to the multitude of horrible crimes committed in his licentious and wicked life. Here he met with both Spaniards and Indians, who jointly setting upon him and his companions, the greatest part of the pirates were killed on the place. Lolonois, with those that remained alive, had much ado to escape aboard their boats: yet notwithstanding this great loss, he resolved not to return to those he had left at the isle of Pertas, without taking some boats, such as he looked for. To this effect he determined to go on to the coasts of Carthagena; but God Almighty, the time of His Divine justice being now come, had appointed the Indians of Darien to be the instruments and executioners thereof. These Indians of Darien are esteemed as bravoes, or wild savage Indians, by the neighbouring Spaniards, who never could civilize them. Hither Lolonois came (brought by his evil conscience that cried for punishment), thinking to act his cruelties; but the Indians within a few days after his arrival took him prisoner, and tore him in pieces alive, throwing his body limb by limb into the fire, and his ashes into the air, that no trace or memory might remain of such an infamous, inhuman creature. One of his companions gave me an exact account of this tragedy, affirming that himself had escaped the same punishment with the greatest difficulty; he believed also that many of his comrades, who were taken in that encounter by those Indians, were, as their cruel captain, torn in pieces and burnt alive. Thus ends the history, the life, and miserable death of that infernal wretch Lolonois, who full of horrid, execrable, and enormous deeds, and debtor to so much innocent blood, died by cruel and butcherly hands, such as his own were in the course of his life.
Those that remained in the island De las Pertas, waiting for the return of them who got away only to their great misfortune, hearing no news of their captain nor companions, at last embarked on the ship of a certain pirate, who happened to pass that way. This fellow came from Jamaica, with intent to land at Gracias a Dios, and from thence to enter the river with his canoes, and take the city of Carthagena. These two crews of pirates being now joined, were infinitely glad at the presence and society of one another. Those, because they found themselves delivered from their miseries, poverty, and necessities, wherein they had lived ten entire months. These, because they were now considerably strengthened, to effect with greater satisfaction their designs. Hereupon, as soon as they were arrived at Gracias a Dios, they all put themselves into canoes, and entered the river, being five hundred men, leaving only five or six persons in each ship to keep them. They took no provisions, being persuaded they should find everywhere sufficient; but these their hopes were found totally vain, not being grounded on Almighty God; for He ordained it so, that the Indians, aware of their coming, all fled, not leaving in their houses or plantations, which for the most part border on the sides of rivers, any necessary provisions or victuals: hereby, in a few days after they had quitted their ships, they were reduced to most extreme necessity and hunger; but their hopes of making their fortunes very soon, animating them for the present, they contented themselves with a few green herbs, such as they could gather on the banks of the river.
Yet all this courage and vigour lasted but a fortnight, when their hearts, as well as bodies, began to fail for hunger; insomuch as they were forced to quit the river, and betake themselves to the woods, seeking out some villages where they might find relief, but all in vain; for having ranged up and down the woods for some days, without finding the least comfort, they were forced to return to the river, where being come, they thought convenient to descend to the sea-coast where they had left their ships, not having been able to find what they sought for. In this laborious journey they were reduced to such extremity, that many of them devoured their own shoes, the sheaths of their swords, knives, and other such things, being almost ravenous, and eager to meet some Indians, intending to sacrifice them to their teeth. At last they arrived at the sea-coast, where they found some comfort and relief to their former miseries, and also means to seek more: yet the greatest part perished through faintness and other diseases contracted by hunger, which also caused the remaining part to disperse, till at last, by degrees, many or most of them fell into the same pit that Lolonois did; of whom, and of whose companions, having given a compendious narrative, I shall continue with the actions and exploits of Captain Henry Morgan, who may deservedly be called the second Lolonois, not being unlike or inferior to him, either in achievements against the Spaniards, or in robberies of many innocent people.
Глава X
Путешествие натуралиста вокруг света на корабле «Бигль». Глава X. Огненная Земля
Огненная Земля, первое прибытие Бухта Доброго Успеха Огнеземельцы на корабле Встреча с дикарями Лесной пейзаж Мыс Горн Бухта Вигвамов Жалкое положение дикарей Голод Людоеды Матереубийство Религиозные чувства Сильный шторм Канал Бигля Пролив Понсонби Сооружение вигвамов и поселение огнеземельцев Раздвоение канала Бигля Ледники Возвращение на корабль Вторичное посещение населения Равенство между туземцами 17 декабря 1832 г. — Покончив с Патагонией и Фолклендскими островами, я опишу теперь наше первое прибытие на Огненную Землю. Вскоре после полудня мы обогнули мыс Сан-Диего и вышли в знаменитый пролив Ле-Мер. Мы держались близко к берегу Огненной Земли, но среди облаков виднелись очертания суровой, негостеприимной Земли Статен. Во второй половине дня мы бросили якорь в бухте Доброго Успеха. При входе в бухту нас приветствовали туземцы — таким способом, какой подобал жителям этой дикой страны. Группа огнеземельцев, отчасти скрытая дремучим лесом, сидела на утесе, нависшем над морем, и, когда мы проплывали мимо, они вскочили и, размахивая своими рваными плащами, принялись испускать громкие, зычные крики. Дикари последовали за кораблем, и перед самым наступлением темноты мы увидели их костер и вновь услышали дикие крики. Бухта представляет собой живописное водное пространство, наполовину окруженное низкими, округленными горами из метаморфического глинистого сланца, покрытыми до самой воды густым, мрачным лесом.
Глава 13
Борьба за Красный Петроград. Глава 13
Наряду с деятельностью районных штабов внутренней обороны представляется в высшей степени желательным просмотреть соответствующую подготовку к обороне со стороны наиболее крупных фабрично-заводских предприятий. В таких предприятиях кипела своя производственная работа, направленная исключительно на то, чтобы оказать посильную поддержку в первую очередь полевым частям Красной армии. Промышленные гиганты Петрограда являлись своего рода революционными очагами, где ковалось оружие для фронта и где в процессе производства, не знавшего часов отдыха, вырабатывалась коллективная воля к победе над врагом. В связи с этим работа крупных фабрично-заводских предприятий Петрограда носила отнюдь не местный и не районный характер, а имела широкое значение в ходе подготовки всего города к обороне изнутри. Она являлась одним из действенных реальных факторов, способствовавших обороне Петрограда. [444] Сохранившиеся материалы дают возможность остановиться только на работе Путиловского, Ижорского, Сестрорецкого оружейного и Охтинского порохового заводов. На Путиловском заводе после 14 октября была проведена партийная мобилизация, которая дала около 300 чел. по заводу и около 200 чел.
Chapter XXI
The voyage of the Beagle. Chapter XXI. Mauritius to England
Mauritius, beautiful appearance of Great crateriform ring of Mountains Hindoos St. Helena History of the changes in the Vegetation Cause of the extinction of Land-shells Ascension Variation in the imported Rats Volcanic Bombs Beds of Infusoria Bahia Brazil Splendour of Tropical Scenery Pernambuco Singular Reef Slavery Return to England Retrospect on our Voyage APRIL 29th.—In the morning we passed round the northern end of Mauritius, or the Isle of France. From this point of view the aspect of the island equalled the expectations raised by the many well-known descriptions of its beautiful scenery. The sloping plain of the Pamplemousses, interspersed with houses, and coloured by the large fields of sugar-cane of a bright green, composed the foreground. The brilliancy of the green was the more remarkable because it is a colour which generally is conspicuous only from a very short distance. Towards the centre of the island groups of wooded mountains rose out of this highly cultivated plain; their summits, as so commonly happens with ancient volcanic rocks, being jagged into the sharpest points. Masses of white clouds were collected around these pinnacles, as if for the sake of pleasing the stranger's eye. The whole island, with its sloping border and central mountains, was adorned with an air of perfect elegance: the scenery, if I may use such an expression, appeared to the sight harmonious. I spent the greater part of the next day in walking about the town and visiting different people.
1648 - 1715
From 1648 to 1715
From the Peace of Westphalia and the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 to the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715.
XV. Один человек на 1 кв. километр
Побег из ГУЛАГа. Часть 3. XV. Один человек на 1 кв. километр
Теперь мы не шли, а тащились. Ноги у всех были сбиты в кровь, опухли, ранки загнивали. Перед каждым походом надо было долго возиться с перевязками, на которые было разорвано все, что осталось от чистого белья. После каждого перехода обнаруживались новые раны, все более страшные, мальчик неизменно распевал над нами хулиганскую песню, для нас имевшую довольно жуткий смысл: Товарищ, товарищ, болят мои раны, Болят мои раны в глубоке, Одна заживает, другая нарывает, А третья открылась в боке. Трагичнее всех было положение мужа, так как у него, кроме того, совершенно развалились сапоги. Тонкий кожаный слой подметки протерся, и оттуда торчали куски бересты. Чего только не изобретает советская промышленность! Голод тоже донимал. Дневную порцию еды пришлось свести к двум-трем ложкам риса и к сорока — пятидесяти граммам сала на троих; это прибавлялось к грибной похлебке утром и вечером. Сухари кончились. Сахару выдавалось по куску утром и вечером на человека; мальчику оставляли еще один, закусить днем, когда старались подкармливаться черникой. Ужаснее всего было то, что кончалась соль. Если бы хоть ее было вдоволь, можно было бы варить лишний раз грибы, хотя бы и без приправы. Кушанье непитательное, но хоть чем-то наполнить желудок. Новым несчастьем был холод. Северный ветер дул почти непрерывно, и ночью мы коченели, потому что не хватало сил поддерживать ночной костер. В одну из таких ночей у мужа опять начались боли, наутро он не только не мог двинуть левой рукой, но и задыхался и часто совершенно не мог идти, должен был ложиться посреди пути, пока не отпустит боль.
4. Что не увидели следователи. Огрехи начального этапа расследования
Перевал Дятлова. Смерть, идущая по следу... 4. Что не увидели следователи. Огрехи начального этапа расследования
При этом нельзя не отметить того, что уже с самого начала и следствие, и поисковики, работавшие на склоне Холат-Сяхыл, допустили ряд огрехов и не сумели прояснить существенные моменты, весьма важных для понимания случившегося с группой Дятлова. Допущенные в самом начале следствия ошибки привели к тому, что многие важные выводы могут быть обоснованно поставлены под сомнение и эти сомнения с течением времени привели к формированию огромного числа (нескольких десятков) версий, совершенно по-разному описывавших процесс гибели группы. Перечислим вкратце те недоработки следствия, о которых говорилось выше, дабы читатель понял, о чём идёт речь: 1) Прокурор Темпалов и прокурор-криминалист Иванов небрежно отнеслись к такой важной задаче следствия, как судебно-оперативная фотосъёмка места преступления. Между тем, в этом заключалась, одна из важнейших целей их пребывания в районе поисков в конце февраля-марте 1959 г. В деле, практически нет ориентирующих фотоснимков, позволяющих чётко определить положение трупов, улик и значимых предметов окружающей обстановки (камней, ям и пр.) на фоне ориентиров. В деле также нет детальных фотоснимков, передающих криминалистически значимые свойства и признаки объектов. Те фотографии, которые были сделаны прокурорами, относятся к категории т.н. "узловых", таковыми нельзя ограничиваться при фотографировани трупа на месте обнаружения. Каждое из тел должно было быть запечатлено по крайней мере из трёх точек - верхней и двух боковых, как при нахождении в снегу, так и после удаления снега. Особенно важны детальные фотоснимки тел погибших и их одежды, поскольку словесное описание в протоколе зачастую не фиксирует многие важные детали.
Chapter X
The pirates of Panama or The buccaneers of America : Chapter X
Of the Island of Cuba Captain Morgan attempts to preserve the Isle of St. Catherine as a refuge to the nest of pirates, but fails of his design He arrives at and takes the village of El Puerto del Principe. CAPTAIN MORGAN seeing his predecessor and admiral Mansvelt were dead, used all the means that were possible, to keep in possession the isle of St. Catherine, seated near Cuba. His chief intent was to make it a refuge and sanctuary to the pirates of those parts, putting it in a condition of being a convenient receptacle of their preys and robberies. To this effect he left no stone unmoved, writing to several merchants in Virginia and New England, persuading them to send him provisions and necessaries, towards putting the said island in such a posture of defence, as to fear no danger of invasion from any side. But all this proved ineffectual, by the Spaniards retaking the said island: yet Captain Morgan retained his courage, which put him on new designs. First, he equipped a ship, in order to gather a fleet as great, and as strong as he could. By degrees he effected it, and gave orders to every member of his fleet to meet at a certain port of Cuba, there determining to call a council, and deliberate what was best to be done, and what place first to fall upon. Leaving these preparations in this condition, I shall give my reader some small account of the said isle of Cuba, in whose port this expedition was hatched, seeing I omitted to do it in its proper place. Cuba lies from east to west, in north latitude, from 20 to 23 deg. in length one hundred and fifty German leagues, and about forty in breadth.
Таблица 3. Переименование подводных лодок - 1
Короли подплава в море червонных валетов. Приложение. Таблица 3. Переименование подводных лодок: Балтийский флот и флотилия Северного Ледовитого океана
Балтийский флот и флотилия Северного Ледовитого океана Первоначальное имя Годы переименований и новые имена 1920 1921 1922 1923 1928 1930 1934 «Вепрь» ПЛ-1 ПЛ-11 «Волк» ПЛ-2 ПЛ-2 «Батрак» №2 ПЛ-21 «У-1», «Б-5» «Змея» ПЛ-8 ПЛ-6 «Пролетарий» №6 ПЛ-23 «У-2», «Б-6» «Ёрш» ПЛ-12 ПЛ-9 «Рабочий» №9 «Тигр» ПЛ-3 ПЛ-1 «Коммунар» № 1 ПЛ-11 № 11, «Б-1» «Пантера» ПЛ-4 ПЛ-5 «Комиссар» №5 ПЛ-13 №13, «Б-2» «Рысь» ПЛ-5 ПЛ-7 «Большевик» №7 ПЛ-14 № 14, «Б-3» «Леопард» ПЛ-6 ПЛ-4 «Красноармеец» №4 ПЛ-24 «У-3»,
Оглавление
Карта материалов на Русском и других языках, использующих Кириллицу
5. «Кормить и одевать...»
Записки «вредителя». Часть III. Концлагерь. 5. «Кормить и одевать...»
Передавали, что новый начальник Соловецкого лагеря Иванченко «либерал» и что ему принадлежит необыкновенная для гепеуста мысль, которую он высказывал публично: «Для того чтобы выжать из заключенных настоящую работу, их надо кормить и одевать». Вопрос в том, в какой мере надо кормить и одевать, конечно растяжен, но в своем «либерализме» ГПУ не пошло так далеко, чтобы сравнять условия жизни заключенных с условиями, предоставляемыми в лагерях рабочему скоту. Конюшня, коровник и свинарники Соловецкого лагеря, построенные руками заключенных, по сравнению с их собственными бараками, светлы, чисты и теплы. Относительный рацион питания, получаемый скотом, во много раз превышает питание рабочего-заключенного. Нет никакого сомнения, что если бы скот был поставлен в соответственно одинаковые условия жизни с заключенными, лошади не потащили бы ног, коровы не стали бы давать молока, свиньи издохли бы. В зависимости от новой коммерческой установки лагерей, первой задачей распределительных пунктов является сортировка рабочей силы и рассылка ее по многочисленным и разнообразным предприятиям лагеря. Но по пути к этому всегда стоит одно привходящее задание — ликвидация у заключенных вшей. Из тюрем арестанты поступают поголовно пораженные этими насекомыми, сознательно культивируемыми в тюрьмах для подследственных. Вшивый режим и вшивая камера входят в систему мероприятий следственной власти ГПУ по получению «добровольных признаний». До весны 1930 года режим этот также встречал полную поддержку в лице начальства лагерей: вошь была мощным союзником ГПУ в деле ликвидации заключенных в лагерях «особого назначения».
Воспоминания кавказского офицера : III
Воспоминания кавказского офицера : III
В Анухву, лежавшую в горах, против Анакопии, верст пятнадцать от морского берега, мы приехали поздно ночью. Микамбай ожидал нас каждый час, и наши постели были уже приготовлены в кунахской, как называют дом, назначенный для гостей. Абхазцы, равно как и черкесы, живут обыкновенно в хижинах, крытых соломою или камышом, которых плетневые стены плотно замазаны глиной, перемешанной с рубленою соломой. Весьма немногие знатные и богатые горцы строят рубленые деревянные дома. Микамбай имел такой дом, и по этой причине слыл очень богатым человеком. Дом этот, занятый его семейством, был в два этажа,с окнами, затянутыми пузырем, между которым кое-где проглядывало небольшое стеклышко, добытое от русских. Кроме того, Микамбай пользовался уважением народа еще по другой причине: его меховая шапка была постоянно обвита белою кисейною чалмой, доставлявшей ему вид и титул хаджия, хотя он никогда не бывал в Мекке. На Кавказе нередко горец, задумавший ехать в Мекку поклониться Каабе, надевает чалму, принимает название хаджи и пользуется им иногда всю жизнь, не думая исполнить своего обета; а народ смотрит на него с глубоким уважением, как на избранника веры. Весь следующий день хаджи Соломон посвятил обсуждению вопросов, касавшихся до нашего путешествия. Горцы не начинают никакого дела, не собрав для совета всех в нем участвующих. Переговоры бывают в этих случаях очень продолжительны, так как старики, излагающие обыкновенно содержание дела, любят говорить много и медленно, и в свою очередь также терпеливо и внимательно выслушивают чужие речи.
IV. Люди
Побег из ГУЛАГа. Часть 3. IV. Люди
Ночью идти было спокойнее. День, когда люди бродят даже по таким диким местам, опасен и тревожен. Мы шли быстро, и, чтобы быть меньше заметными, — отец впереди, на некотором расстоянии сын, потом я. Места были прекрасные: в глубине долины протекала полноводная река, то бурливая, то порожистая, как горные речки, то со спокойным широким плесом. По обрывистым берегам стояли высокие сосны. Тишина была полная: птицы уже не пели, зверья никакого не было видно. Вдруг, когда я еще ничего не успела заметить подозрительного, муж нагнулся и словно скатился под обрыв, за ним мальчик, за ним и я. Условленно было делать немедленно то, что делает вожак. Из-за края обрыва я увидела, что в нескольких саженях стояли дома: два или три. На другом берегу тоже был дом. Людей не было видно, но если бы мы увидали кого, и, следовательно, кто-то нас мог заметить, то это было бы печально. В панике мы заметались по округе, с обрыва бросились в лес, пересекли болото, пошли в гору. Я окончательно потеряла направление и ничего не понимала. Вуаль у меня была порвана сучками, на которые я натыкалась, под нее набились комары, поедали мои уши и слепили глаза. Солнце жгло. В лесу недвижно стояло паркое, сырое тепло. Я выбивалась из сил и не могла догнать отца с сыном, которые что-то видели, перебегали, нагнувшись, быстро шли в гору уже без всякой тропы. Наконец, они присели за огромную поваленную ель, собираясь, очевидно, поесть, потому что со вчерашнего дня еще никто не проглотил ни кусочка. Я не могла и думать о еде: сердце у меня билось, в висках стучало, и, дойдя до них, я бросилась ничком на землю, закрыв голову макинтошем, чтобы только передохнуть от комаров.