Chapter XVII


Captain Morgan departs from Chagre, at the head of twelve hundred men, to take the city of Panama.


CAPTAIN MORGAN set forth from the castle of Chagre, towards Panama, August 18, 1670. He had with him twelve hundred men, five boats laden with artillery, and thirty-two canoes. The first day they sailed only six leagues, and came to a place called De los Bracos. Here a party of his men went ashore, only to sleep and stretch their limbs, being almost crippled with lying too much crowded in the boats. Having rested awhile, they went abroad to seek victuals in the neighbouring plantations; but they could find none, the Spaniards being fled, and carrying with them all they had. This day, being the first of their journey, they had such scarcity of victuals, as the greatest part were forced to pass with only a pipe of tobacco, without any other refreshment.

Next day, about evening, they came to a place called Cruz de Juan Gallego. Here they were compelled to leave their boats and canoes, the river being very dry for want of rain, and many trees having fallen into it.

The guides told them, that, about two leagues farther, the country would be very good to continue the journey by land. Hereupon they left one hundred and sixty men on board the boats, to defend them, that they might serve for a refuge in necessity.

Next morning, being the third day, they all went ashore, except those who were to keep the boats. To these Captain Morgan gave order, under great penalties, that no man, on any pretext whatever, should dare to leave the boats, and go ashore; fearing lest they should be surprised by an ambuscade of Spaniards in the neighbouring woods, which appeared so thick as to seem almost impenetrable. This morning beginning their march, the ways proved so bad, that Captain Morgan thought it more convenient to transport some of the men in canoes (though with great labour) to a place farther up the river, called Cedro Bueno. Thus they re-embarked, and the canoes returned for the rest; so that about night they got altogether at the said place. The pirates much desired to meet some Spaniards or Indians, hoping to fill their bellies with their provisions, being reduced to extremity and hunger.

The fourth day the greatest part of the pirates marched by land, being led by one of the guides; the rest went by water farther up, being conducted by another guide, who always went before them, to discover, on both sides the river, the ambuscades. These had also spies, who were very dextrous to give notice of all accidents, or of the arrival of the pirates, six hours, at least, before they came. This day, about noon, they came near a post called Torna Cavallos: here the guide of the canoes cried out, that he perceived an ambuscade. His voice caused infinite joy to all the pirates, hoping to find some provisions to satiate their extreme hunger. Being come to the place, they found nobody in it, the Spaniards being fled, and leaving nothing behind but a few leathern bags, all empty, and a few crumbs of bread scattered on the ground where they had eaten. Being angry at this, they pulled down a few little huts which the Spaniards had made, and fell to eating the leathern bags, to allay the ferment of their stomachs, which was now so sharp as to gnaw their very bowels. Thus they made a huge banquet upon these bags of leather, divers quarrels arising concerning the greatest shares. By the bigness of the place, they conjectured about five hundred Spaniards had been there, whom, finding no victuals, they were now infinitely desirous to meet, intending to devour some of them rather than perish.

Having feasted themselves with those pieces of leather, they marched on, till they came about night to another post, called Torna Munni. Here they found another ambuscade, but as barren as the former. They searched the neighbouring woods, but could not find anything to eat, the Spaniards having been so provident, as not to leave anywhere the least crumb of sustenance, whereby the pirates were now brought to this extremity. Here again he was happy that had reserved since noon any bit of leather to make his supper of, drinking after it a good draught of water for his comfort. Some, who never were out of their mothers' kitchens, may ask, how these pirates could eat and digest those pieces of leather, so hard and dry? Whom I answer, that, could they once experiment what hunger, or rather famine, is, they would find the way as the pirates did. For these first sliced it in pieces, then they beat it between two stones, and rubbed it, often dipping it in water, to make it supple and tender. Lastly, they scraped off the hair, and broiled it. Being thus cooked, they cut it into small morsels, and ate it, helping it down with frequent gulps of water, which, by good fortune, they had at hand.

The fifth day, about noon, they came to a place called Barbacoa. Here they found traces of another ambuscade, but the place totally as unprovided as the former. At a small distance were several plantations, which they searched very narrowly, but could not find any person, animal, or other thing, to relieve their extreme hunger. Finally, having ranged about, and searched a long time, they found a grot, which seemed to be but lately hewn out of a rock, where were two sacks of meal, wheat, and like things, with two great jars of wine, and certain fruits called platanoes. Captain Morgan, knowing some of his men were now almost dead with hunger, and fearing the same of the rest, caused what was found to be distributed among them who were in greatest necessity. Having refreshed themselves with these victuals, they marched anew with greater courage than ever. Such as were weak were put into the canoes, and those commanded to land that were in them before. Thus they prosecuted their journey till late at night; when coming to a plantation, they took up their rest, but without eating anything; for the Spaniards, as before, had swept away all manner of provisions.

The sixth day they continued their march, part by land and part by water. Howbeit, they were constrained to rest very frequently, both for the ruggedness of the way, and their extreme weakness, which they endeavoured to relieve by eating leaves of trees and green herbs, or grass; such was their miserable condition. This day at noon they arrived at a plantation, where was a barn full of maize. Immediately they beat down the doors and ate it dry, as much as they could devour; then they distributed a great quantity, giving every man a good allowance. Thus provided, and prosecuting their journey for about an hour, they came to another ambuscade. This they no sooner discovered, but they threw away their maize, with the sudden hopes of finding all things in abundance. But they were much deceived, meeting neither Indians nor victuals, nor anything else: but they saw, on the other side of the river, about a hundred Indians, who, all fleeing, escaped. Some few pirates leaped into the river to cross it, and try to take any of the Indians, but in vain: for, being much more nimble than the pirates, they not only baffled them, but killed two or three with their arrows; hooting at them, and crying, "Ha, perros! a la savana, a la savana."—"Ha, ye dogs! go to the plain, go to the plain."

This day they could advance no farther, being necessitated to pass the river, to continue their march on the other side. Hereupon they reposed for that night, though their sleep was not profound; for great murmurings were made at Captain Morgan, and his conduct; some being desirous to return home, while others would rather die there than go back a step from their undertaking: others, who had greater courage, laughed and joked at their discourses. Meanwhile, they had a guide who much comforted them, saying, "It would not now be long before they met with people from whom they should reap some considerable advantage."

The seventh day, in the morning, they made clean their arms, and every one discharged his pistol, or musket, without bullet, to try their firelocks. This done, they crossed the river, leaving the post where they had rested, called Santa Cruz, and at noon they arrived at a village called Cruz. Being yet far from the place, they perceived much smoke from the chimneys: the sight hereof gave them great joy, and hopes of finding people and plenty of good cheer. Thus they went on as fast as they could, encouraging one another, saying, "There is smoke comes out of every house: they are making good fires, to roast and boil what we are to eat;" and the like.

At length they arrived there, all sweating and panting, but found no person in the town, nor anything eatable to refresh themselves, except good fires, which they wanted not; for the Spaniards, before their departure, had every one set fire to his own house, except the king's storehouses and stables.

They had not left behind them any beast, alive or dead, which much troubled their minds, not finding anything but a few cats and dogs, which they immediately killed and devoured. At last, in the king's stables, they found, by good fortune, fifteen or sixteen jars of Peru wine, and a leathern sack full of bread. No sooner had they drank of this wine, when they fell sick, almost every man: this made them think the wine was poisoned, which caused a new consternation in the whole camp, judging themselves now to be irrecoverably lost. But the true reason was, their want of sustenance, and the manifold sorts of trash they had eaten. Their sickness was so great, as caused them to remain there till the next morning, without being able to prosecute their journey in the afternoon. This village is seated in 9 deg. 2 min. north latitude, distant from the river Chagre twenty-six Spanish leagues, and eight from Panama. This is the last place to which boats or canoes can come; for which reason they built here storehouses for all sorts of merchandise, which to and from Panama are transported on the backs of mules.

Here Captain Morgan was forced to leaves his canoes, and land all his men, though never so weak; but lest the canoes should be surprised, or take up too many men for their defence, he sent them all back to the place where the boats were, except one, which he hid, that it might serve to carry intelligence. Many of the Spaniards and Indians of this village having fled to the near plantations, Captain Morgan ordered that none should go out of the village, except companies of one hundred together, fearing lest the enemy should take an advantage upon his men. Notwithstanding, one party contravened these orders, being tempted with the desire of victuals: but they were soon glad to fly into the town again, being assaulted with great fury by some Spaniards and Indians, who carried one of them away prisoner. Thus the vigilancy and care of Captain Morgan was not sufficient to prevent every accident.

The eighth day in the morning Captain Morgan sent two hundred men before the body of his army, to discover the way to Panama, and any ambuscades therein: the path being so narrow, that only ten or twelve persons could march abreast, and often not so many. After ten hours' march they came to a place called Quebrada Obscura: here, all on a sudden, three or four thousand arrows were shot at them, they not perceiving whence they came, or who shot them: though they presumed it was from a high rocky mountain, from one side to the other, whereon was a grot, capable of but one horse or other beast laded. This multitude of arrows much alarmed the pirates, especially because they could not discover whence they were discharged. At last, seeing no more arrows, they marched a little farther, and entered a wood: here they perceived some Indians to fly as fast as they could, to take the advantage of another post, thence to observe their march; yet there remained one troop of Indians on the place, resolved to fight and defend themselves, which they did with great courage till their captain fell down wounded; who, though he despaired of life, yet his valour being greater than his strength, would ask no quarter, but, endeavouring to raise himself, with undaunted mind laid hold of his azagayo, or javelin, and struck at one of the pirates; but before he could second the blow, he was shot to death. This was also the fate of many of his companions, who, like good soldiers, lost their lives with their captain, for the defence of their country.

The pirates endeavoured to take some of the Indians prisoners, but they being swifter than the pirates, every one escaped, leaving eight pirates dead, and ten wounded: yea, had the Indians been more dextrous in military affairs, they might have defended that passage, and not let one man pass. A little while after they came to a large champaign, open, and full of fine meadows; hence they could perceive at a distance before them some Indians, on the top of a mountain, near the way by which they were to pass: they sent fifty men, the nimblest they had, to try to catch any of them, and force them to discover their companions: but all in vain; for they escaped by their nimbleness, and presently showed themselves in another place, hallooing to the English, and crying, "A la savana, a la savana, perros Ingleses!" that is, "To the plain, to the plain, ye English dogs!" Meanwhile the ten pirates that were wounded were dressed, and plastered up.

Here was a wood, and on each side a mountain. The Indians possessed themselves of one, and the pirates of the other. Captain Morgan was persuaded the Spaniards had placed an ambuscade there, it lying so conveniently: hereupon, he sent two hundred men to search it. The Spaniards and Indians perceiving the pirates descend the mountain, did so too, as if they designed to attack them; but being got into the wood, out of sight of the pirates, they were seen no more, leaving the passage open.

About night fell a great rain, which caused the pirates to march the faster, and seek for houses to preserve their arms from being wet; but the Indians had set fire to every one, and driven away all their cattle, that the pirates, finding neither houses nor victuals, might be constrained to return: but, after diligent search, they found a few shepherds' huts, but in them nothing to eat. These not holding many men, they placed in them, out of every company, a small number, who kept the arms of the rest: those who remained in the open field endured much hardship that night, the rain not ceasing till morning.

Next morning, about break of day, being the ninth of that tedious journey, Captain Morgan marched on while the fresh air of the morning lasted; for the clouds hanging yet over their heads, were much more favourable than the scorching rays of the sun, the way being now more difficult than before. After two hours' march, they discovered about twenty Spaniards, who observed their motions: they endeavoured to catch some of them, but could not, they suddenly disappearing, and absconding themselves in caves among the rocks, unknown to the pirates. At last, ascending a high mountain, they discovered the South Sea. This happy sight, as if it were the end of their labours, caused infinite joy among them: hence they could descry also one ship, and six boats, which were set forth from Panama, and sailed towards the islands of Tavoga and Tavogilla: then they came to a vale where they found much cattle, whereof they killed good store: here, while some killed and flayed cows, horses, bulls, and chiefly asses, of which there were most; others kindled fires, and got wood to roast them: then cutting the flesh into convenient pieces, or gobbets, they threw them into the fire, and, half carbonaded or roasted, they devoured them, with incredible haste and appetite; such was their hunger, as they more resembled cannibals than Europeans; the blood many times running down from their beards to their waists.

Having satisfied their hunger, Captain Morgan ordered them to continue the march. Here, again, he sent before the main body fifty men to take some prisoners, if they could; for he was much concerned, that in nine days he could not meet one person to inform him of the condition and forces of the Spaniards. About evening they discovered about two hundred Spaniards, who hallooed to the pirates, but they understood not what they said. A little while after they came in sight of the highest steeple of Panama: this they no sooner discovered but they showed signs of extreme joy, casting up their hats into the air, leaping and shouting, just as if they had already obtained the victory, and accomplished their designs. All their trumpets sounded, and drums beat, in token of this alacrity of their minds: thus they pitched their camp for that night, with general content of the whole army, waiting with impatience for the morning, when they intended to attack the city. This evening appeared fifty horse, who came out of the city, on the noise of the drums and trumpets, to observe, as it was thought, their motions: they came almost within musket-shot of the army, with a trumpet that sounded marvellously well. Those on horseback hallooed aloud to the pirates, and threatened them, saying, "Perros! nos veremos," that is, "Ye dogs! we shall meet ye." Having made this menace, they returned to the city, except only seven or eight horsemen, who hovered thereabouts to watch their motions. Immediately after the city fired, and ceased not to play their biggest guns all night long against the camp, but with little or no harm to the pirates, whom they could not easily reach. Now also the two hundred Spaniards, whom the pirates had seen in the afternoon, appeared again, making a show of blocking up the passages, that no pirates might escape their hands: but the pirates, though in a manner besieged, instead of fearing their blockades, as soon as they had placed sentinels about their camp, opened their satchels, and, without any napkins or plates, fell to eating, very heartily, the pieces of bulls' and horses' flesh which they had reserved since noon. This done, they laid themselves down to sleep on the grass, with great repose and satisfaction, expecting only, with impatience, the dawning of the next day.

The tenth day, betimes in the morning, they put all their men in order, and, with drums and trumpets sounding, marched directly towards the city; but one of the guides desired Captain Morgan not to take the common highway, lest they should find in it many ambuscades. He took his advice, and chose another way through the wood, though very irksome and difficult. The Spaniards perceiving the pirates had taken another way they scarce had thought on, were compelled to leave their stops and batteries, and come out to meet them. The governor of Panama put his forces in order, consisting of two squadrons, four regiments of foot, and a huge number of wild bulls, which were driven by a great number of Indians, with some negroes, and others, to help them.

The pirates, now upon their march, came to the top of a little hill, whence they had a large prospect of the city and champaign country underneath. Here they discovered the forces of the people of Panama, in battle array, to be so numerous, that they were surprised with fear, much doubting the fortune of the day: yea, few or none there were but wished themselves at home, or at least free from the obligation of that engagement, it so nearly concerning their lives. Having been some time wavering in their minds, they at last reflected on the straits they had brought themselves into, and that now they must either fight resolutely, or die; for no quarter could be expected from an enemy on whom they had committed so many cruelties. Hereupon they encouraged one another, resolving to conquer, or spend the last drop of blood. Then they divided themselves into three battalions, sending before two hundred bucaniers, who were very dextrous at their guns. Then descending the hill, they marched directly towards the Spaniards, who in a spacious field waited for their coming. As soon as they drew nigh, the Spaniards began to shout and cry, "Viva el rey!" "God save the king!" and immediately their horse moved against the pirates: but the fields being full of quags, and soft underfoot, they could not wheel about as they desired. The two hundred bucaniers, who went before, each putting one knee to the ground, began the battle briskly, with a full volley of shot: the Spaniards defended themselves courageously, doing all they could to disorder the pirates. Their foot endeavoured to second the horse, but were constrained by the pirates to leave them. Finding themselves baffled, they attempted to drive the bulls against them behind, to put them into disorder; but the wild cattle ran away, frighted with the noise of the battle; only some few broke through the English companies, and only tore the colours in pieces, while the bucaniers shot every one of them dead.

The battle having continued two hours, the greatest part of the Spanish horse was ruined, and almost all killed: the rest fled, which the foot seeing, and that they could not possibly prevail, they discharged the shot they had in their muskets, and throwing them down, fled away, every one as he could. The pirates could not follow them, being too much harassed and wearied with their long journey. Many, not being able to fly whither they desired, hid themselves, for that present, among the shrubs of the sea-side, but very unfortunately; for most of them being found by the pirates, were instantly killed, without any quarter. Some religious men were brought prisoners before Captain Morgan; but he, being deaf to their cries, commanded them all to be pistolled, which was done. Soon after they brought a captain to him, whom he examined very strictly; particularly, wherein consisted the forces of those of Panama? He answered, their whole strength consisted in four hundred horse, twenty-four companies of foot, each of one hundred men complete; sixty Indians, and some negroes, who were to drive two thousand wild bulls upon the English, and thus, by breaking their files, put them into a total disorder: beside, that in the city they had made trenches, and raised batteries in several places, in all which they had placed many guns; and that at the entry of the highway, leading to the city, they had built a fort mounted with eight great brass guns, defended by fifty men.

Captain Morgan having heard this, gave orders instantly to march another way; but first he made a review of his men, whereof he found both killed and wounded a considerable number, and much greater than had been believed. Of the Spaniards were found six hundred dead on the place, besides the wounded and prisoners. The pirates, nothing discouraged, seeing their number so diminished, but rather filled with greater pride, perceiving what huge advantage they had obtained against their enemies, having rested some time, prepared to march courageously towards the city, plighting their oaths to one another, that they would fight till not a man was left alive. With this courage they recommenced their march, either to conquer or be conquered; carrying with them all the prisoners.

They found much difficulty in their approach to the city, for within the town the Spaniards had placed many great guns, at several quarters, some charged with small pieces of iron, and others with musket bullets; with all these they saluted the pirates at their approaching, and gave them full and frequent broadsides, firing at them incessantly; so that unavoidably they lost at every step great numbers of men. But these manifest dangers of their lives, nor the sight of so many as dropped continually at their sides, could deter them from advancing, and gaining ground every moment on the enemy; and though the Spaniards never ceased to fire, and act the best they could for their defence, yet they were forced to yield, after three hours' combat. And the pirates having possessed themselves, killed and destroyed all that attempted in the least to oppose them. The inhabitants had transported the best of their goods to more remote and occult places; howbeit, they found in the city several warehouses well stocked with merchandise, as well silks and cloths, as linen and other things of value. As soon as the first fury of their entrance was over, Captain Morgan assembled his men, and commanded them, under great penalties, not to drink or taste any wine; and the reason he gave for it was, because he had intelligence that it was all poisoned by the Spaniards. Howbeit, it was thought he gave these prudent orders to prevent the debauchery of his people, which he foresaw would be very great at the first, after so much hunger sustained by the way; fearing, withal, lest the Spaniards, seeing them in wine, should rally, and, falling on the city, use them as inhumanly as they had used the inhabitants before.

Общая оценка

«Шнелльботы». Германские торпедные катера Второй мировой войны. Общая оценка

Не оставляет сомнения, что в лице «шнелльбота» немецким конструкторам удалось создать отличный боевой корабль. Как ни странно, этому способствовал отказ от высоких скоростных показателей, и, как следствие, возможность оснастить катера дизельными двигателями. Такое решение положительно сказалось на улучшении живучести «москитов». Ни один из них не погиб от случайного возгорания, что нередко происходило в английском и американском флотах. Увеличенное водоизмещение позволило сделать конструкцию катеров весьма устойчивой к боевым повреждениям. Скользящий таранный удар эсминца, подрыв на мине или попадание 2-3 снарядов калибра свыше 100-мм не приводили, как правило, к неизбежной гибели катера (например, 15 марта 1942 года S-105 пришел своим ходом в базу, получив около 80 пробоин от осколков, пуль и снарядов малокалиберных пушек), хотя часто «шнелльботы» приходилось уничтожать из-за условий тактической обстановки. Еще одной особенностью, резко выделявшей «шнелльботы» из ряда торпедных катеров других стран, стала огромная по тем временам дальность плавания - до 800 - 900 миль 30-узловым ходом (М. Уитли в своей работе «Deutsche Seestreitkraefte 1939-1945» называет даже большую цифру - 870 миль 39-узловым ходом, во что, однако, трудно поверить). Фактически германское командование даже не могло ее полностью реализовать из-за большого риска использовать катера в светлое время суток, особенно со второй половины войны. Значительный радиус действия, несвойственные катерам того времени вытянутые круглоскулые обводы и внушительные размеры, по мнению многих, ставили германские торпедные катера в один ряд с миноносцами.

6. Вывод за ворота

Записки «вредителя». Часть III. Концлагерь. 6. Вывод за ворота

Очередь под открытым небом, то есть большую часть года под дождем и снежной метелью. Многие проглатывают свою порцию тут же, стоя, другие бегут в барак, на нары. У кого есть чайник, берут кипяток. Но все торопятся, потому что надо исполнить длинную и сложную процедуру, чтобы получить право выйти за проволоку и успеть на работу. В бараке, у ротного, надо получить «рабочую книжку», расписаться в книге, отметить часы и минуты получения, затем в канцелярии дежурного по лагерю надо показать книжку и получить пропуск на выход за проволоку. Получивших пропуска конвойные выстраивают на «линейке» и ведут к воротам. Здесь часовой просчитывает заключенных, проверяет пропуска. Вывод из ворот происходит в восемь часов утра, к девяти все должны быть разведены по всем учреждениям лагеря, разбросанным по городу Кеми. Так как всем надо «выправить документы» одновременно — всюду толкотня, очереди, ругань Нас гонят на принудительную работу, и мы же должны добыть себе пропуска, а нас же ругают в течение всей этой процедуры... Ведут нас посреди дороги, осенью и весной покрытой невылазной грязью. Среди конвойных попадаются рьяные служаки, которые требуют, чтобы мы строго соблюдали военный строй, а обуты мы все бог знает как, и многие месят эту каторжную грязь уже из последних сил. — Равняться чище в рядах! — кричит наш командир, останавливая и равняя шеренги. — До вечера стоять будете. — А нам что, постоим! — слышится из рядов. — Срок идет. Конвойный бросается искать виновных, отбирает пять-шесть документов, записывает фамилии.

Глава 12

Борьба за Красный Петроград. Глава 12

Колоссальную работу по обороне Петрограда выполняла коммунистическая партия. Петроградские городской и губернский комитеты РКП(б) приняли все меры к тому, чтобы обеспечить перелом на ближайшем фронте и наряду с этим подготовить город к обороне изнутри. На призыв Петрограда откликнулись не только ближайшие губернские комитеты партии, но и более отдаленные. Посильная помощь оказывалась со всех сторон. Под непосредственным руководством партии проходила вся работа внутренней обороны города: коммунисты, поставленные под ружье с первых же дней поражения полевых частей Красной армии, явились той внутренней силой, на которую ложилась тяжелая обязанность встретить противника в случае его вторжения в пределы города. В последующие дни октября коммунисты играли роль связующего звена, цементировали районные отряды внутренней обороны, поднимали боевое настроение бойцов отряда, выполняли самые трудные и сложные задания по обороне города. Наряду с мужчинами-партийцами принимали активное участие и [415] женщины — члены партии, роль которых, как и работниц вообще, отмечалась выше в связи с деятельностью районов. Значительная часть коммунистов пошла на усиление полевых частей Красной армии и, принимая участие в целом ряде боев на фронте с Северо-западной армией, показывала пример стойкости и героизма. Общую картину состояния организации г. Петрограда в 1919 г. можно восстановить только по тем статистическим данным, которые были результатом произведенной в январе 1920 г. переписи наличного состава членов Петроградской организации по спискам коллективов и при проверке членских карточек, но без непосредственного опроса членов организации.

Список схем

Короли подплава в море червонных валетов. Список иллюстраций. Список схем

Глава 3. Балтийские «касатки» в войне на Хвалынском море (1919-1920 гг.) [61]

Короли подплава в море червонных валетов. Часть I. Советский подплав в период Гражданской войны (1918–1920 гг.). Глава 3. Балтийские «касатки» в войне на Хвалынском море (1919-1920 гг.)

Волжскую военную флотилию (ВВФ) сформировали во время Гражданской войны в бассейне р. Волги и на акватории северной части Каспийского моря, где она действовала в период с июня 1918 г. по самый конец июля 1919 г. Из ее состава в октябре 1918 г. выделилась Астрахано-Каспийская военная флотилия (АКВФ). Главной [62] базой АКВФ стала Астрахань. Находясь в составе 11-й армии, вяло проводившей операции в северной части Каспия, АКВФ осуществляла ее поддержку с моря и защиту дельты р. Волги. Как и везде на всех фронтах, сил и средств для ведения боевых действий не хватало, и высшее руководство молодой Советской Республики распорядилось направить на Каспий боевые корабли с Балтики. Среди них оказались и 4 малые подводные лодки: три лодки типа «Касатка» — сама «Касатка», «Макрель» и «Окунь» и еще одна — уникальная «Минога». Если бы политики лучше учились в гимназии или, по крайней мере, посоветовались со спецами, то подводные лодки оставили бы тогда в покое. Вот что говорится о северном Каспии в Военной энциклопедии издания 1912 г.: «Каспийское море (Хвалынское), величайшее на земном шаре озеро, остаток «Сарматского моря», которое вместе с Черным и Каспийским морями покрывало в начале третичного периода весь юг России. Этот обширный бассейн представляет чрезвычайное разнообразие в климатическом и физическом отношениях. В гидрографическом отношении Каспийское море линией устье р. Терек — п-ов Мангышлак{6} делится на два обособленных бассейна.

Глава XII

Путешествие натуралиста вокруг света на корабле «Бигль». Глава XII. Среднее Чили

Вальпараисо Экскурсия к подножию Анд Строение местности Восхождение на Колокольную гору Кильоты Раздробленные глыбы зеленокаменной породы Громадные долины Рудники Положение горняков Сант-Яго Каукнесские горячие воды Золотые прииски Мельницы, для руды Продырявленные камни Повадки пумы Тюрко и тапаколо Колибри 23 июля. — Поздней ночью «Бигль» бросил якорь в заливе Вальпа раисо — главном морском порте Чили. С наступлением утра все показалось нам восхитительным. После Огненной Земли климат Вальпараисо был просто чудесен: воздух такой сухой, небо ясное и синее, солнце сияет так ярко, что кажется, будто жизнь так и брызжет отовсюду. С якорной стоянки открывается прелестный вид. Город выстроен у самого подножия цепи довольно крутых холмов вышиной около 1 600 футов. Из-за такого расположения он состоит из одной длинной, широко раскинувшейся улицы, идущей парал лельно берегу, и каждый раз, когда по дороге встречается овраг, дома громоздятся по обоим его склонам. Округленные холмы, лишь частично покрытые очень скудной растительностью, изрыты бесчи сленными лощинками, в которых обнажается необыкновенно яркого красного цвета почва. Все это, а также низенькие выбеленные дома с черепичными крышами вызвали в моей памяти Сайта-Крус на Тене рифе. В северо-восточном направлении кое-где отчетливо виднеются Анды; но с окрестных холмов эти горы кажутся гораздо более вели чественными: оттуда лучше ощущается то огромное расстояние, на котором они находятся. Особенно великолепен вулкан Аконкагуа.

Chapter X

The voyage of the Beagle. Chapter X. Tierra Del Fuego

Tierra del Fuego, first arrival Good Success Bay An Account of the Fuegians on board Interview With the Savages Scenery of the Forests Cape Horn Wigwam Cove Miserable Condition of the Savages Famines Cannibals Matricide Religious Feelings Great Gale Beagle Channel Ponsonby Sound Build Wigwams and settle the Fuegians Bifurcation of the Beagle Channel Glaciers Return to the Ship Second Visit in the Ship to the Settlement Equality of Condition amongst the Natives DECEMBER 17th, 1832.—Having now finished with Patagonia and the Falkland Islands, I will describe our first arrival in Tierra del Fuego. A little after noon we doubled Cape St. Diego, and entered the famous strait of Le Maire. We kept close to the Fuegian shore, but the outline of the rugged, inhospitable Statenland was visible amidst the clouds. In the afternoon we anchored in the Bay of Good Success. While entering we were saluted in a manner becoming the inhabitants of this savage land. A group of Fuegians partly concealed by the entangled forest, were perched on a wild point overhanging the sea; and as we passed by, they sprang up and waving their tattered cloaks sent forth a loud and sonorous shout. The savages followed the ship, and just before dark we saw their fire, and again heard their wild cry. The harbour consists of a fine piece of water half surrounded by low rounded mountains of clay-slate, which are covered to the water's edge by one dense gloomy forest. A single glance at the landscape was sufficient to show me how widely different it was from anything I had ever beheld.

Таблица 5

Короли подплава в море червонных валетов. Приложение. Таблица 5. Средства наблюдения и связи подводных лодок

Средства наблюдения и связи подводных лодок Наименование, система Основные характеристики Примечание Перископ Оффичио-Галилео Длина 17,5–18,5 футов Устанавливался на пл т. «АГ» Перископ американский Длина 22 фута Установлен на пл «АГ-24» Перископ варшавской фирмы Фосса Диаметр трубы 100 мм по всей длине. Слабая светосила Устанавливался на пл т. «Касатка» Клептоскоп. Оптический завод Герца Короткий перископ, устанавливавшийся в крышке рубки и выдвигавшийся на 2 м. Имел наружное шаровое стекло с грибовидной крышкой Устанавливался на пл т. «Касатка» Перископ Герца   Устанавливался на пл почти всех типов Перископ атаки (ПА) Имел оптическую длину 7,5, 8,5 и 9 м, пределы обзора по горизонту — 360°, по вертикали от — 10° до +20°, пределы измерения дистанции 2,5–60 каб, общий вес — 480–565 кг Устанавливался на всех новых пл кроме т. «М» Зенитный перископ (ПЗ) Имели оптическую длину 7, 7,5; 8,5 и 9 м, пределы обзора по горизонту — 360°, по вертикали от — 5° до +90°, пределы измерения дистанции 2,5–60 каб, общий вес — 475–579 кг Устанавливался на всех новых пл. На пл т.

2. Кто мы — «вредители»?

Записки «вредителя». Часть I. Время террора. 2. Кто мы — «вредители»?

По анкете, которую несчетное количество раз приходилось мне заполнять в СССР, я — дворянин. Для следователя это значило «классовый враг» Но, как и у многих русских дворян, ни у моих родителей, ни у меня ничего не было за душой, кроме личного заработка, то есть отсутствовали все экономические признаки того, что с точки зрения марксиста и коммуниста, определяет принадлежность к классу дворян. Мне было пятнадцать лет, когда наша семья осталась без отца, старше меня была сестра, за мной шло еще четверо; младшему было три года. Жизнь предстояла трудная и необеспеченная. Юношей мне удалось попасть в качестве коллектора-зоолога в экспедицию профессора В. В Сапожникова, известного исследователя Алтая и Монголии (ныне покойного) Впервые я увидел дикую природу, часто даже не нанесенную на карту местности, где верхом, без дорог, мы прошли больше двух тысяч километров в лето Это было начало моих экспедиционных работ, которые быстро перешли в самостоятельные исследования я участвовал в качестве зоолога, а затем начальника, в ряде экспедиций на Алтай, Саяны, в Монголию, Тянь-Шань, на Амур, в Уссурийский край, в Лапландию. Регулярная учеба казалась мне ненужной, я был уверен, что и без нее пробью себе дорогу. Зарабатывать я начал рано, без работы не сидел, правда, приходилось браться за многое изготовлять препараты, учебные пособия, анатомические таблицы. Необходимость заработка толкнула меня на изучение ихтиологии-рыбоведения — отрасли, имевшей огромное практическое применение. Это заставило меня освоить море.

Глава 15

Сквозь ад русской революции. Воспоминания гардемарина. 1914–1919. Глава 15

Немедленный мир с главными державами был обязательным условием сохранения большевистской власти. Пока сохранялась угроза иностранного вторжения, коммунистические лидеры не могли окончательно разделаться с внутренними врагами. Вот почему одним из приоритетов советского правительства стало проведение мирных переговоров. В конце ноября главнокомандующий вооруженными силами генерал Духонин получил от Совета народных комиссаров приказ подписать с германским верховным командованием соглашение о перемирии. Генерал, считавший сепаратный мир предательством национальных интересов, отказался подчиниться. Троцкий немедленно направил в Ставку верховного командования отряд красных матросов. Главнокомандующего убили в его железнодорожном вагоне, а на его пост заступил член большевистской партии прапорщик Крыленко. Через две недели русская и немецкая делегации встретились в Брест-Литовске. Ленин и его сторонники не питали иллюзий относительно отношения кайзеровских властей к большевизму, но надеялись, что германский кабинет министров не выдвинет чрезмерных требований с целью обезопасить себя на востоке. Со своей стороны германское командование решило укрепить доверие народа к властям за счет России. Когда большевики ознакомились с германскими требованиями, они пришли в замешательство. Троцкий и другие советские руководители были уверены, что невозможно сохранить власть в России, приняв такие требования. Сильная фракция в большевистской партии всерьез рассматривала возможность вновь попытаться достигнуть взаимопонимания с союзниками и возобновить войну с противником. Однако русская армия была слишком деморализована, чтобы оказать какое-либо сопротивление.

10. «Академическое дело»

Записки «вредителя». Часть II. Тюрьма. 10. «Академическое дело»

«Академическое дело» или, как его называли еще, «платоновское дело», по имени академика С. Ф. Платонова, было одним из самых крупных дел ГПУ, наряду с «шахтинским процессом», делом «48-ми», процессом «промпартии» и др. Для жизни русской интеллигенции оно имело огромное значение, значительно большее, чем пышно разыгранный весной 1931 года «процесс меньшевиков», подробно освещенный в советской и заграничной печати. «Академическое дело» известно сравнительно мало, потому что ГПУ не вынесло его на открытый суд и решило судьбу крупнейших ученых в своих застенках. Скудные сведения о нем, проникавшие через лиц, привлеченных по этому «делу», и от близких, передавались каждый раз с такой опаской, были так отрывочны, что даже официальная часть, то есть самое обвинение, осталась в значительной мере неясной и противоречивой. Когда явится возможность представить это дело по документам и свидетельствам людей, непосредственно привлекавшихся по нему, оно займет место истинного некролога русской, особенно исторической, науки. Это будет одна из самых трагичных страниц в повести о русской интеллигенции. Я же могу говорить о нем только как случайный свидетель, со слов лиц, попадавших со мною в те же тюремные камеры, бывших со мною в этапе или в Соловецком концентрационном лагере. Кроме того, я связан тем, что могу передать только ту часть разговоров, по которым ГПУ не сможет установить, от кого я их слышал. Особенностью этого «дела» было прежде всего то, что оно оказалось «неудачным» для ГПУ.

Часть III. Обзор эволюции подводных сил СССР (1935-1941 гг.) [127]

Короли подплава в море червонных валетов. Часть III. Обзор эволюции подводных сил СССР (1935–1941 гг.)